During pregnancy, a woman's body undergoes numerous changes that not only affect her physical and emotional well-being, but can also promote the development of certain diseases. While some women experience this stage without complications, others may face conditions that can compromise both their health and that of the baby.
Among the most common and dangerous illnesses during pregnancy are those that can impact both the mother and the developing fetus. While some are caused by genetic or immunological factors, others stem from infections or pre-existing conditions that worsen during this period. To ensure a safe pregnancy, it is crucial to understand the risks associated with these illnesses and manage them appropriately.
Major dangerous diseases during pregnancy
Some diseases that may arise or become complicated during pregnancy directly affect the mother, the baby, or both. Below, we explore the most important ones:
Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii , which can be acquired by consuming raw or undercooked meat, or through direct contact with the feces of infected cats. For pregnant women, this infection can be especially dangerous, since if contracted for the first time during pregnancy, the parasite can cross the placenta and affect the baby, causing malformations, neurological damage, or even fetal death.
The best way to prevent toxoplasmosis is to avoid undercooked meats and unpasteurized dairy products, as well as to adopt hygienic measures when handling animals.
Preeclampsia
Preeclampsia is a condition that typically develops after the 20th week of pregnancy. It is characterized by high blood pressure and protein in the urine (proteinuria). This condition can seriously affect the mother, causing damage to organs such as the kidneys and liver, and the baby, as it can restrict the flow of oxygen and nutrients through the placenta.
If left untreated, preeclampsia can lead to eclampsia, a severe condition that can cause seizures, coma, and even death. Risk factors include a family history of preeclampsia, multiple pregnancy, previous hypertension, and obesity.
gestational hypertension
Gestational hypertension is an increase in blood pressure that occurs during pregnancy without protein in the urine (unlike preeclampsia). It is usually diagnosed after 20 weeks of gestation and resolves after delivery. Although it does not cause serious complications in most cases, if left untreated it can progress to preeclampsia or increase the risk of premature birth.
Gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes occurs when a woman's body does not produce enough insulin during pregnancy, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. This type of diabetes affects between 2% and 10% of pregnant women and can result in complications such as high birth weight, premature delivery, and an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life for both the mother and child.
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can have serious consequences during pregnancy. Diseases such as HIV, syphilis, chlamydia, and herpes can be transmitted from mother to fetus, especially during childbirth. These infections can cause birth defects, premature birth, or severe neonatal infections.
Group B Streptococcus
Group B streptococcus is a bacterium that can be found in a woman's vagina or rectum. While it doesn't usually cause symptoms in adults, it can be fatal to a baby if contracted during childbirth. Complications for the newborn include pneumonia, meningitis, or sepsis, making prenatal testing essential.
Incompetent cervix
An incompetent cervix , also known as cervical insufficiency, refers to premature dilation of the cervix without contractions. This can lead to premature labor or even miscarriage if left untreated. Women with a history of this condition may require preventative surgery to avoid complications.
Other common complications during pregnancy
In addition to the diseases mentioned above, there are other conditions that can complicate pregnancy and put both the mother and the baby at risk:
Viral infections
Infections such as rubella or cytomegalovirus (CMV) are especially dangerous if contracted during pregnancy, as they can cause serious birth defects, hearing and vision loss, mental retardation, and even miscarriage or intrauterine fetal death.
Anemia
Iron deficiency anemia is another common condition during pregnancy. A lack of iron in the blood can cause weakness, fatigue, and developmental complications in the baby, such as low birth weight or premature birth. It is essential to take iron supplements under medical supervision and maintain a balanced diet rich in this mineral.
Depression and anxiety
Mental health can also be affected during this time. Depression and anxiety are disorders that affect up to 7% of pregnant women and can have repercussions for both the mother and the fetus. It is important that women receive psychological support and, if necessary, medical treatment.
Proper pregnancy monitoring can prevent or treat many of the complications we have mentioned. Regular check-ups with the gynaecologist, diagnostic tests and, in some cases, appropriate medical interventions can ensure the safest and healthiest pregnancy possible for both mother and baby.