Ta yaya kwakwalwar yaro ke bunkasa? Ta yaya kuke koya? Waɗanne canje-canje ke faruwa idan akwai matsalar ci gaba? Wani dakin gwaje-gwaje na Landan yana tura duk fasahar da ake da ita fahimci kwakwalwar yaron da abin da ke faruwa yayin da ci gaba ya ɓace.
Amma ta yaya zaka shiga cikin tunanin ɗan adam wanda baya iya magana, baya bin umarni, kuma kwatsam ya katse gwajinsa? Wannan shine kalubalen da masana kimiyya suka yarda dashi baby lab, inda LMasana kimiyya suna lura da ayyukan lantarki a kwakwalwar jariri don gano abin da ke faruwa kuma shiga cikin ɗayan manyan asirai na rayuwa.
Brainwaƙwalwar tana fuskantar canje-canje a cikin shekarun farko na rayuwa fiye da kowane lokaci- Kowane lamiri, halaye na mutum, halaye, da iyawa sun bayyana, kamar yadda alamomin farko ne da ke iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban. Amma wannan lokacin ma shine mafi wahalar bincike, saboda yawancin kayan aikin yau da kullun na kwakwalwar mutum basu da amfani tare da jarirai saboda hadin kan mahalarta ya zama dole. Hatta hanyoyin bin diddigin ido basu isa su binciki halaye da halayen yara ba.
Duk da haka,, Shawarwarin daga masana kimiyya a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Birkbeck a Landan suna da alamar alƙawari. Masana kimiyya a cikin wannan dakin gwaje-gwaje sun gabatar da fasahohi kamar su infrared infrared spectrometry (NIRS), wanda ke auna aikin kwakwalwa ta hanyar rikodin launi, sabili da haka iskar oxygen, na jini. Hakanan suna ƙoƙari don ƙarfafa yanke hukunci ta hanyar haɗa fasahohi da yawa. Abin da ya bambanta wannan dakin gwaje-gwaje da sauran dakunan gwaje-gwaje da suka kware a jarirai shi ne "Suna yin bincike kan jarirai ta amfani da duk wasu dabaru na musamman da zaku iya tunaninsu."in ji Richard Aslin, wani mai bincike kan halayyar yara kuma darekta na Rochester Center for Brain Imaging a New York.
Lab ya yi amfani da waɗannan kayan aikin don bayyana jerin abubuwan "farko" game da tunanin yaro, kamar waɗannan masu zuwa:
- cewa jarirai sun fi son kallon fuskokin da ke duban su kai tsaye, maimakon nesa da su
- wanda ke amsawa ga waɗannan kallon kai tsaye tare da ingantaccen aiki na jijiyoyin jiki
- cewa canje-canje a cikin wannan amsawar kwakwalwa na iya haɗuwa da farkon autism (shaidar farko da za a iya amfani da ma'aunin aikin kwakwalwa don tsinkaya yanayin).
A cikin 2013, Babylab ta fara aikin d don yin nazari kan jarirai daga makonni 12 da haihuwa waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin haɗari ga ɓarkewar ƙwayar cuta ta Autism ko rashin kulawar ƙarancin kulawa (ADHD)., tare da ƙungiyar kulawa, don gano ƙarin alamun farkon waɗannan yanayin kuma samo hanyoyin kwantar da hankali wanda zai iya taimaka musu. A cikin 2014 dakin gwaje-gwaje sun sami kuɗi mai yawa don faɗaɗawa da ƙarfafa gwajin, wanda yara daga watanni 18 zuwa shekaru 3 ko 4 zasu shiga cikin nau'ikan waya mara waya na lantarki (EEG), NIRS da kuma fasahar bin diddigin ido yayin aiyuka daban-daban. Manufar ita ce fahimtar kwakwalwa yayin yarinta, lokacin da yara suka fara fahimtar bambanci tsakanin kansu da ɗayan, suna koyon yaren, abubuwan ci gaba masu rikitarwa suna faruwa kuma tunanina na dogon lokaci sun fara samuwa, da dai sauransu.
BabyLab zaiyi ƙoƙarin cike babban gibin ilimin da ke akwai game da kwakwalwar jariri
Masana kimiyya sun binciko jarirai tun daga tsakiyar ƙarni na XNUMX. Daya daga cikin wadanda suka fara yin hakan shine Jean piaget, wani masanin halayyar dan Switzerland wanda ya yi amfani da cikakken lura na jarirai da manyan yara don fahimtar yadda suka fahimci duniya. Piaget ya kirkiro ka'idar cewa ana haihuwar jarirai da gaske a matsayin marasa kan gado, amma sun mallaki kayan aikin da zai ingiza su neman duniya da kuma basu damar cima ilimi.
Lafiyar yara da irin wannan al'umma a cikin shekarun 1960s, lokacin da Ba'amurke mai bunkasar halayyar dan adam Robert Fanta sun fara auna adadin lokacin da jarirai suka kwashe suna kallon wani abu a matsayin hanyar auna sha'awarsu. Gwaje-gwaje-gwaje da aka gani sun kasance aiki a wannan fagen tun daga lokacin.
"A zahiri an yi dubun-dubatar gwaje-gwajen da aka yi da waɗannan hanyoyin a cikin binciken lokaci"in ji Aslin, “kuma gabaɗaya dabara ce da ake dogaro da ita. Amma ya kamata a lura da irin wadannan karatuttukan cikin taka tsantsan, saboda ana iya haifar da da yawa daga aikin tunanin jariri. A zahiri, masana kimiyya da yawa sun damu da cewa wasu ɗakunan gwaje-gwajen ba sa sarrafa abubuwan ruɗarwa kamar yadda ya kamata.
Hakanan, kwakwalwar jarirai suna girma da bunkasa cikin wani yanayi mai ban mamaki, wanda ke sanya gwadawa tsakanin shekaru daban-daban da wahala. A saboda wannan dalili, masana kimiyya na BabyLab suna aiki tsawon shekaru akan gamsashshiyar hanya don nazarin halayen yara da fasaha azaman mabuɗin.
Ofaya daga cikin abubuwan da ƙarshen binciken ya fara shine cewa ba a haifa jarirai marasa abinci ba, kamar yadda Piaget ya ce. Koyaya, suma basuda ra'ayoyi kamar manya game da abubuwa kamar lambobi. Masu binciken sunyi jayayya cewa jariri yana da fifikon kulawa na asali ga abubuwa kamar fuskoki da magana, kuma waɗannan abubuwan fifiko suna tsara kwakwalwa yayin da suke haɓaka. Sun ce kasancewar kananan yara sun fi son su hada ido kai tsaye misali ne na wannan, domin wannan yana shirya su ne su mai da hankali kan bangarorin da suka fi dacewa da zamantakewar su, wanda hakan ke ba su damar koyo game da yare da sauran alamun zamantakewar, kamar yanayin fuska.
Autism da ADHD sun zama babban mahimmancin Babylab
Tsarewar lokaci ya zama muhimmin kayan aiki a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Birkbeck da sauran wurare, kodayake a yau an kafa shi ba ta hanyar kallon ɗan adam ba amma ta hanyar bin diddigin ido. Wannan auna yana da matukar mahimmanci ga karatun rashin ji da rashin lafiya irin su ADHD.
Autism da ADHD sun zama mahimmin mahimmanci na Babylab, kuma akwai gwaje-gwajen da yawa don ƙoƙarin fahimtar waɗannan rikice-rikicen. Hopesungiyar tana fatan cewa bambance-bambancen kwakwalwa da aka samo tun suna ƙuruciya wata rana za su iya ba da alamun alamomin autism, wanda galibi ba a bincikar cutar a ranar haihuwar yaro na uku. Suna kuma fatan samo hanyar da za ta bi da ci gaban kwakwalwa zuwa hanyar da ta saba.