Kukura kwepfungwa kunoreva kuti munhu anoona sei, anofunga, uye anowana kunzwisisa kwenyika yake kuburikidza nekudyidzana kwemajini uye zvinhu zvakadzidzwa. Nzvimbo dzekuvandudza kwekuziva dzinosanganisira kugadzirisa ruzivo, hungwaru, kufunga, kukura kwemutauro, uye ndangariro.
Kwakambodavirwa kuti vacheche vakanga vasina mano okufunga kana kuti kuumba pfungwa dzakaoma kunzwisisa. Kureva kuti vaifungidzirwa kuti vacharamba vasina kuziva kusvika vadzidza mumutauro. Zvino zvazivikanwa kuti vacheche vanoziva zvakavapoteredza uye vanofarira kuongorora kubva pavanenge vazvarwa. Kubva pakuzvarwa, vacheche vanotanga kudzidza nesimba. Vanounganidza, kurongedza uye kugadzirisa ruzivo rwakavatenderedza, vachishandisa iyo data kukudziridza hunyanzvi hwekufunga uye hwekufunga.
Dzidziso yaJean Piaget yeCognitive Development
Dzidziso yaJean Piaget yekukura kwenjere inoratidza izvozvo vana vanopinda mumatanho mana akasiyana ekudzidza. Dzidziso yake inongotarisa kwete chete pakunzwisisa kuti vana vanowana sei ruzivo, asiwo pakunzwisisa chimiro chehungwaru. Matanho aPiaget ndeaya:
- Sensorimotor nhanho, kubva pakuzvarwa kusvika kumakore maviri.
- Preoperational nhanho, kubva pamakore maviri kusvika kumakore manomwe.
- Concrete yekushanda nhanho, kubva pa7 kusvika kumakore gumi nerimwe.
- Formal operational stage, iyo inotanga kubva pazera re12.
Piaget aitenda kuti vana vanoita basa rakasimba mukudzidza., vachiita semasayendisiti maduku sezvavanoongorora, vachiongorora, uye vachidzidza nezvenyika. Sezvo vana vachidyidzana nenyika yakavapoteredza, vanoramba vachiwedzera ruzivo rutsva, vachivaka paruzivo rwagara rwuripo, uye vachigadziridza pfungwa dzavaimbove nadzo kuti vawane ruzivo rutsva.
Iyo sensorimotor nhanho
Munguva iyi yekutanga nhanho yekukura kwekuziva, vacheche nevana vadiki kuwana ruzivo kuburikidza nezviitiko zvekunzwa uye nekugadzirisa zvinhu. Zvese zvinoitika zvemwana mukutanga-tanga kwechinhanho ichi zvinoitika kuburikidza neruzivo rwekutanga, pfungwa, uye mhinduro dzemotokari.
El Kukura kwepfungwa kunoitika panguva iyi kunoitika munguva pfupi uye kunosanganisira kukura kukuru. Vana havangodzidzi kuita zviito zvemuviri zvakadai sekukambaira nekufamba, vanodzidzawo zvakawanda nezvemutauro wevanhu vavanodyidzana navo.
The preoperational stage
Nheyo dzekuvandudzwa kwemutauro dzinogona kunge dzakaiswa panguva yekutanga, asi kutaridzika kwemutauro ndechimwe chezviitiko zvakakosha zvekutanga kwekutanga development. Panguva ino, vana vanodzidza kuburikidza nekutamba kwekunyepedzera, asi vachinetseka nekufunga uye maonero evamwe vanhu. Ivo zvakare vanowanzo netsekana kubata iyo pfungwa yekugara.
Vana vanova nehunyanzvi hwekunyepedzera kutamba panguva ino yekukura, asi ramba uchifunga zvakasimba pamusoro penyika yakavapoteredza. Vanotanga kufunga nenzira yekufananidzira uye vanodzidza kushandisa mazwi nemifananidzo kumiririra zvinhu. Vanowanzova vanozvifunga uye vanoedza kuona zvinhu nemaonero evamwe.
Iyo chaiyo yekushanda nhanho
Kunyange zvazvo vana vachiri vakasimba uye vari vechokwadi mukufunga kwavo panguva ino mukukura, vanova nyanzvi pakushandisa pfungwa. Kuzvifunga kwekutanga kunotanga kupera sezvo vana vanodzidza kufunga nezvekuti vamwe vanhu vangaona sei mamiriro ezvinhu. Kunyangwe kufunga kunowedzera kunzwisisika panguva yekongiri yekushandisa, inogona zvakare kuomarara. Vana panguva ino mukukura vanowanzove nekunetseka neabstract and hypothetical concepts.
Panguva iyi, vana zvakare vanova vasina udyire uye vanotanga kufunga kuti vamwe vanhu vangafunga uye kunzwa sei. Vana vari muchikamu chekushanda kwekongiri vanotangawo kunzwisisa kuti pfungwa dzavo dzakasiyana kwavari uye kuti havasi vamwe vese vanongogovana pfungwa dzavo, manzwiro avo, uye maonero.
The formal operational stage
Nhanho yekupedzisira yedzidziso yaPiaget inosanganisira kuwedzera kwekunzwisisa, kugona kushandisa kudzora kufunga uye kunzwisisa kweabstract pfungwa. Panguva ino, vechidiki uye vechidiki vanokwanisa kuona akawanda anogona kugadzirisa matambudziko uye kufunga zvakanyanya nesainzi nezve nyika yakavatenderedza. Iko kugona kufunga nezve abstract mazano uye mamiriro ndiwo musimboti weiyo yakarongeka yekushanda nhanho yekukura kwekuziva. Iko kugona kuronga zvakarongeka ramangwana uye kufunga nezve izvo-kana mamiriro ariwo hunyanzvi hwakakosha hunobuda panguva ino.