Ikhula njani ingqondo yomntwana? Ufunda njani? Luluphi utshintsho olwenzekayo xa kukho ingxaki yophuhliso? Ilebhu yaseLondon ihambisa yonke itekhnoloji ekhoyo qonda ingqondo yomntwana kwaye kwenzeka ntoni xa ukukhula kungahambi kakuhle.
Kodwa ungena njani engqondweni yomntu ongakwaziyo ukuthetha, ongalandeli imiyalelo, kwaye ophazamisa ulingelo lwakhe ngesiquphe? Lowo ngumceli mngeni owamkelwe zizazinzulu ze IBhabhiloni, apho uLIzazinzulu zibeka esweni umsebenzi wombane kwingqondo yosana ukufumanisa ukuba kwenzeka ntoni kwaye ungene kwelinye leemfihlelo ezinkulu zobomi.
Ingqondo ihamba notshintsho ngakumbi kwiminyaka emibini yokuqala yobomi kunalo naliphi na elinye ixesha-Akutyhilwa isazela somntu wonke, ubuntu bakhe, ubuntu bakhe, kunye namandla akhe, njengoko imiqondiso yokuqala ingaphazamiseka. Kodwa eli xesha lelona linzima ukulihlola, kuba izixhobo ezininzi ezisemgangathweni ze-neuroscience yomntu azincedi nganto ngeentsana kuba intsebenziswano yabathathi-nxaxheba iyimfuneko. Nokuba iindlela zokujonga umkhondo azonelanga kuhlalutyo lokuziphatha kunye nokuphendula kwiintsana.
Nangona kunjalo,, Isindululo esivela kwizazinzulu kwilabhoratri yaseBirkbeck eLondon sijongeka sithembisa kakhulu. Izazinzulu zelebhu zenze ubuvulandlela obufana ne-infrared baby spectrometry (NIRS), ethi ilinganise ukusebenza kwengqondo ngokurekhoda umbala, kwaye ngenxa yoko ioksijini yegazi. Bakwazama ukomeleza izigqibo ngokudibanisa iindlela ezininzi. Yintoni eyahlula le lebhoratri kwezinye iilabhoratri ezikhethekileyo kwiintsana kukuba "Benza uphando ngeentsana basebenzisa zonke iindlela ezizodwa onokucinga ngazo"Utsho uRichard Aslin, umphandi wokuziphatha kwabantwana kunye nomlawuli weRochester Centre yeBrain Imaging eNew York.
Ilebhu isebenzise ezi zixhobo ukuveza uthotho "lwezinto zokuqala" malunga nengqondo yabantwana, efana nale ilandelayo:
- ukuba abantwana bakhetha ukujonga ubuso obujonge ngqo kubo, kunokuba babuke kude kubo
- aphendule kobo bujonge ngokuthe ngqo ngokuphuculwa kwenkqubo ye-neural
- Olo tshintsho kule mpendulo yengqondo lunokudityaniswa ne-autism yokuqala (ubungqina bokuqala bokuba inqanaba lokusebenza kwengqondo linokusetyenziselwa ukuqikelela imeko).
Kwi-2013, i-Babab yaqala iprojekthi yeflegi d yokufunda iintsana ukusuka kwiiveki ezili-12 ubudala ezisemngciphekweni omkhulu wokuphazamiseka kwembonakalo ye-autism okanye ukunqongophala kokuphazamiseka kwengqondo (ADHD).Ngokudibana neqela lolawulo ukuze kufunyanwe iimpawu ezingaphezulu kwezi meko kwaye ufumane unyango olunokunceda Ngo-2014 elebhu yafumana isixa esikhulu semali ukuze sandise kwaye someleze uvavanyo, apho abantwana abasukela kwiinyanga ezili-18 ukuya kwiminyaka emi-3 okanye emi-4 ubudala baya kuthi bafumane iindlela ezingenazingcingo ze-electroencephalography (EEG), i-NIRS kunye netekhnoloji yokulandela umkhondo wamehlo ngexesha lemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Injongo kukuqonda ubuchopho ngexesha lobuntwana, umzuzu xa abantwana beqala ukuqonda umohluko phakathi kwabo kunye nokunye, bafunda ulwimi, ukukhula okunzima kuyenzeka kunye neenkumbulo zexesha elide ziqala ukubakho, njl.
I-BabyLab izakuzama ukugcwalisa umsantsa wolwazi okhoyo malunga nengqondo yentsana
Izazinzulu beziphanda iintsana ukusukela phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX. Omnye wabokuqala ukwenza oko yayikuku UJean Piaget, Isayikholojisti yaseSwitzerland esisebenzise ukujonga okunzulu kweentsana nabantwana abadala ukuqonda ngcono ukuba baliqonda njani ilizwe. UPiaget wavelisa ithiyori yokuba abantwana bazalwa njengamasileyiti angenanto, kodwa banomatshini obakhuthaza ukuba baphonononge ilizwe kwaye babenze bakwazi ukusebenzisa ulwazi.
Imithambo-luvo yomntwana kunye nesizwe esinjalo kwii-1960s, xa ugqirha wengqondo wophuhliso waseMelika URobert Fantz Baqala ukulinganisa ubungakanani bexesha abantwana abalichithe bejonga into njengendlela yokulinganisa umdla wabo. Uvavanyo olusekwe eGaze luye lwaba ngumsebenzi kule ndawo ukusukela oko.
Kubekho amawaka amalinge enziweyo enziwa ngezi ndlela ekukhangekeni kwexesha "U-Aslin uthi, “kwaye ubukhulu becala yindlela ethembekileyo. Kodwa ezi ntlobo zezifundo kufuneka zijongwe ngononophelo, njengoko okuninzi kunokungeniswa ekusebenzeni kwengqondo yomntwana. Ngapha koko, uninzi lwezazinzulu lunexhala lokuba ezinye iilebhu azilawuli kubaxakanisi njengoko kufanelekile.
Kwakhona, iingqondo zeentsana ziyakhula kwaye zikhula ngenqanaba elingaqhelekanga, zisenza uthelekiso phakathi kweminyaka eyahlukeneyo lube nzima. Ngesi sizathu, izazinzulu zeBabyLab bezisebenza iminyaka emininzi ngendlela eyonelisayo yokuhlalutya indlela abantwana abaziphatha ngayo netekhnoloji njengeyona nto iphambili.
Esinye sezigqibo zokuqala zezi zifundo kukuba iintsana azizalwa zizileyiti ezingenanto, njengoko watsho uPiaget. Nangona kunjalo, abanazo iikhonsepthi njengabantu abadala malunga nezinto ezinjengamanani. Abaphandi bathi usana olusandul 'ukuzalwa lukhetha ukujonga izinto ezinje ngobuso kunye nentetho, kwaye ezi zinto zikhethwayo zibumba ingqondo njengoko zikhula. Bathi inyani yokuba abantwana abancinci bakhetha ukudibana ngqo emehlweni ngumzekelo woku, njengoko oku kubalungiselela ukuba bajolise kwezona ndawo zichaphazelekayo kwezentlalo, ezibavumela ukuba bafunde ngolwimi nezinye iindlela zokuziphatha, ezinje imbonakalo yobuso.
I-Autism kunye ne-ADHD yeyona nto kugxilwe kuyo yiBhabhiloni
Ukujonga ixesha kuhlala kusisixhobo esibalulekileyo kwilabhoratri yaseBirkbeck nakwezinye iindawo, nangona namhlanje kungasekelwanga ngokujongwa ngabantu, kodwa kubuchwephesha bokulandela umkhondo wamehlo. Lo mlinganiselo ubaluleke kakhulu ekufundeni i-autism kunye nokuphazamiseka okufana ne-ADHD.
I-Autism kunye ne-ADHD ziye zaba yinto ephambili ekugxilwe kuyo yi-Babab, kwaye kukho amalinge amaninzi okuzama ukuqonda ngcono ezi ngxaki. Iqela linethemba lokuba umahluko wobuchopho ofunyenwe esemncinci ngemini ngenye imini unokunika izalathiso ze-autism, ezingafumanekiyo kusuku lwesithathu lokuzalwa komntwana. Banethemba lokufumana indlela yokuqhuba ukukhula kwengqondo ubuyele kwikhondo eliqhelekileyo.