NgoFebruwari 18, i Usuku lweHlabathi lwe-Asperger Syndrome. Ukususela kwi-2007, amaqela achaphazelekayo kunye nemibutho ekuthandeni abantu abane-Asperger Syndrome (AS) baye bafuna ukwazisa phakathi kwabemi beempawu zaba bantwana, abantu abatsha kunye nabantu abadala: ukwazi ukuqonda.
NgoFebruwari 18, 1906, uHans Asperger wazalwa, ugqirha wengqondo wase-Austrian owathi kwiminyaka engama-70 eyadlulayo wathetha okokuqala ngoluhlu lweempawu eziqhelekileyo kwiqela labantwana apho ubunzima bentlalo buyinto enkulu eqhelekileyo phakathi kwabo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, abaninzi bebenomdla wokufunda ngakumbi ngabantu abane-AS, kodwa kusekho okuninzi ekufuneka kwenziwe ukuze ubaqonde ngokwentlalo.
Namhlanje siyazi ukuba i-AS luphazamiseko lwe-neurodevelopmental olufumaneka ngaphakathi I-Autism Spectrum Disorders (TOCH). Ingqondo yabantu abane-AS isebenza ngokwahlukileyo kunesiqhelo kwaye oku kubakhokelela ekubeni babe nothotho lweempawu eziqhelekileyo ezichaza ngokubanzi i-Asperger's Syndrome (L. Wing, 1983):
- Ukungabi naluvelwano.
- Naivety.
- Ukungakwazi ukwenza abahlobo.
- Ulwimi lwePedantic okanye oluphindaphindayo.
- Unxibelelwano olungelulo ngomlomo.
- Umdla ogqithisileyo kwizihloko ezithile.
- Ubuxhakaxhaka beMoto kunye nolungelelwaniso olubi.
Abantu abane-AS bane- amandla engqondo ngaphakathi komndilili, Kwiimeko ezininzi. Into eqhelekileyo kukufumana i-IQ eqhelekileyo-i-avareji okanye eqhelekileyo-ephantsi iyonke (i-intelligence quotient). Kuqhelekile ukubona iziphumo ezingcono kubuchule bokuthetha kunokuthetha, kuba ukuphazamiseka kolwimi okubalulekileyo akubonakali kwi-AS, ngokungafaniyo ne-Autistic Disorder (apho ubukrelekrele budla ngokuchaphazeleka ngaxeshanye).
La makhwenkwe namantombazana ane ubunzima bokuhoya yonke inkcukacha. Oku kuthetha ukuba ingqondo yabo inokugcina inani elikhulu ledatha ebhekiselele kwisihloko esithile esifana needinosaurs, i-geography, i-astronomy, ulwazi lwezemidlalo, njl. Oku kukhethekileyo kwenza kucace a ubulukhuni bengqondo nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni babe ne imidla elinganiselweyo. Ukwazi ukugcina inani elinjalo ledatha, kwiimeko ezininzi umthamo ophezulu ukrokrelwa; nangona kunjalo, ukuphindaphinda kwe-IQ ephezulu akukho mkhulu kunabantu abaqhelekileyo beminyaka yabo.
Ukufakwa ngaphakathi kwengcamango yexesha kunokutshintshwa. Ngeli xesha ukugqwethwa kuthetha ukuba emva kweeyure eziliqela, baziva ngathi kudlule imizuzu embalwa. Umbutho ohlwempuzekileyo wobuqu kunye nentlalontle yongezwa ngakumbi ngolu phawu. Kwimeko yentlalontle, umzekelo, imiba yexeshana ibalulekile, ngoko ke kwincoko umngeneleli kufuneka akwazi ukwenza izithuba phakathi kwemibuzo okanye iincoko ezilungelelaniswe kubuchule bommkeli bokuqonda nomonde. Umntu ono-AS, ngokungaboni ixesha ngendlela efanayo ne-interlocutor kwaye enganikeli ukubaluleka kwimiba yesikhashana kunye neprosodic, unokwandisa ixesha lokuphendula imibuzo kwaye enze intetho ibe yinto ephazamisayo komnye umntu.
Kwi-Asperger's Syndrome ulwimi lugcinwe ngokwemiba esesikweni (ukwakhiwa kwezivakalisi, ukusetyenziswa kwamagama, njl. njl.), kodwa iguqulwa kwimiba yepragmatic. Kukho ukusetyenziswa kakubi kokuziphatha kolwimi. Imiba yepragmatic echaphazelekayo eMzantsi Afrika zezi:
- Ukujika kokuthetha: Kukho ubunzima ekuhlonipheni ukuphindaphindana kwingxoxo. Ngamanye amaxesha, inkwenkwe okanye intombazana ene-AS ithatha indima ye-protagonist yencoko, ingayihoyi into ethethwa ngomnye umntu okanye azimisele ukuyithetha, ibe sisithethi esikhethekileyo. Ukuba lukhuni kwengqondo kunye nokunqongophala kwezinto ezinomdla kuthetha ukuba incoko ihlala ijikela kwisihloko esinye esinomdla okhethekileyo kumntu ono-AS, onxulumene nesinye sezihloko azithandayo. Olu hlobo lwentetho lukwaphenjelelwa kukungachongwa kakubi kweziphawuli zengxoxo, ezidla ngokusebenza njengemithetho efihlakeleyo yeencoko. Inkangeleko, ilizwi, unqumamo, njl. Baphawula utshintsho ukusuka “kulowo uthethayo” ukuya “kulowo uphulaphulayo” nangokuchaseneyo noko. Ngokungakwazi ukuthabatha imiba efihlakeleyo, ulwimi olutyekele kwimonologue luvela rhoqo.
- Ukuqala kwencoko: Ubunzima bomntu ono-AS ekuqondeni imigaqo ecacileyo yolwimi kumkhokelela ekubeni atshintshe isihloko sencoko ngokungenasizathu, ngokusekelwe kwisigwebo sakhe. Olu tshintsho lwequbuliso kwimixholo yencoko lunokungakhululeki kumamkeli, njengoko beziva bengenavelwano ngokuqhubekayo kwincoko yakho.
- Ulwimi lwesafobe: Ukusetyenziswa kwesigqebelo okanye isikweko kunzima kubantwana abane-AS ukuba bakubambe. Aba bathanda ukutolika ulwimi ngokoqobo, nto leyo ebakhokelela ekubeni baphoswe lulwazi olufanelekileyo kwincoko okanye bade bangawuqondi umyalezo abawuthumela ngomnye.
- Iingcaciso: Ubunzima bokuzibeka kwezinye izicathulo bubavimbela ukuba baqonde ukuba ngaba u-interlocutor uyayiqonda into abafuna ukuyichaza. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, le ntetho ye-monologistic isetyenziswa rhoqo.
Ke ngoko, sinokujonga intetho esesikweni eyaneleyo kodwa ngeepragmatiki ezingekho mgangathweni kunye neprosody ehlala imbi. Iprosodi inokuqondwa njengelizwi okanye isingqisho izithethi ezisinika izivakalisi ukugxininisa intsingiselo yazo nokunika ithuba lokuvakalisa iimvakalelo ngento ethethwayo. Abantu abane-AS baneprosody engaqhelaniswanga nomxholo. Olu phawu lusoloko lubanika ingcamango yokuba "nolwazi" okanye "i-pedantic", ethi iqiniswe kukusetyenziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwamagama athile.
Kwinqanaba lomfundi, kuvela izihlandlo ezininzi a hyperlexia, obunokuqondwa njengobo buchule bungaqhelekanga bokufunda ngokusesikweni kodwa zidityaniswe namanqanaba asezantsi kakhulu okuqonda ukufunda. Kwakhona sigxininisa indlela iimo zolwimi nokufunda ezigcinwe ngayo ngokupheleleyo kodwa yimiba enxulumene nokufumana intsingiselo epheleleyo ebonisa iinguqu.
Ukubonakala kweempawu zokunqongophala kwengqwalasela ixhaphakile kubantwana abane-AS. Kwimeko yaba bantwana sijonga indlela ukunqongophala kwengqalelo kudla ngokunxulunyaniswa neemeko zonxibelelwano lwentlalo kwaye hayi kakhulu kwimiba yemfundo okanye kubomi bemihla ngemihla (umahluko ne-ADHD). Kuqhelekile ukuba oku kungabikho ngqalelo kwiinkalo zentlalo okanye iimeko ezikhokelela ekubeni balahle umdla kubo, ngelixa kwezinye iimeko ezinxulumene nezihloko zabo ezizithandayo banokuhlala begxininisekile.
Kukho uphando oluninzi oluye lwagxila ekufumaneni isizathu sokubonakala kwezi mpawu, nangona kunjalo, asikwazi ukwamkela ithiyori enye echaza ngokwayo ukuhlukahluka kwaba bantu. Namhlanje siyazi ukuba kukho utshintsho olwahlukileyo olusivumela ukuba siqonde ubunzima be-AS.
Utshintsho kwiTheory yengqondo:
Ithiyori yeNgqondo yithiyori yolwakhiwo, ngokubhekiselele ekubeni abantu bayakwazi ukubona iingcinga kunye neemvakalelo zoontanga bethu. Xa utshintsho lwenzeka kwesi sikhundla, izakhono zethu zentlalo zonakaliswa kakhulu, kuba ukukwazi ukuzibeka ezicathulweni zomnye umntu kuncitshiswe kakhulu. Oku kwenzeka kubantwana abane-AS; nangona kunjalo, njengoko kukho amanqanaba okuqonda aneleyo (ubulumko buphakathi kwamaxabiso aphakathi), ngokubanzi bafuna ukuseka ubudlelwane nabanye. Bayakwazi ukwazi oko omnye umntu akucingayo, kodwa kunzima kakhulu kubo ukulusebenzisa olo lwazi, ekubeni bengalunikezi ukubaluleka abanalo kwinkalo yobudlelwane nabanye. Obu bunzima bentlalo buhlala bubonwa ngeemvakalelo zokungakhululeki kunye nokuba nesithukuthezi. Akukho ukulahlwa kwabanye, kodwa kunoko kunzima kubudlelwane nabo.
Utshintsho kwiMisebenzi yoLawulo:
Imisebenzi yeSigqeba inoxanduva lokulawula imisebenzi yengqondo entsonkothileyo. Kuyimfuneko ukucwangcisa, ukulungelelanisa, ukukhokela, ukulawula kunye nokuvavanya indlela yokuziphatha ekufuneka siyiphumeze ukufikelela kwiinjongo. Le misebenzi idityaniswe nelobe yangaphambili. Ukuguqulwa kulo mmandla obalulekileyo wengqondo kuchaza ezinye zeempawu eziqhelekileyo kubantu abane-AS: ukuqina kwengqondo, ubunzima obujongene neemeko ezintsha, izinto ezinomdla ezilinganiselweyo, ukunyanzeliswa kwemvelo kunye nokuphazamiseka kwengqwalasela.
Ukungalungelelanisi kwemodyuli yeemvakalelo:
Oku kuphazamiseka kuveliswa ngokuguqulwa kwe-neurological kwi-stimulus processing system. Obu bunzima bunokubonakaliswa njenge-hyposensitivity okanye ukukwazi okuphantsi kokuphendula okanye ukuziqhelanisa ne-stimuli evela kwiimvakalelo okanye njenge-hypersensitivity kwi-sensory stimuli. Ukungalungelelani kumodyuli weemvakalelo kuchaza iimpawu esihlala sizijonga kubantu abane-AS, ezinje: ukungonwabi xa ujongene nengxolo yemihla ngemihla. okanye ukuphepha iindawo apho izandi zixutywa khona (iivenkile ezinkulu, iindawo zolonwabo...), ukuphepha ukuchukunyiswa ngokungalindelekanga, ukuphepha ngokugqibeleleyo kokutya okuthile (ngenxa yencasa okanye incasa), njl.
Ukubonakala kweempawu zokudakumba okanye ukuxhalaba kuxhaphakile kubantu abane-AS., ekhoyo kwi-37% yabaselula kunye nabantu abadala (Ghaziuddin et al, 1998). Izinto ezikhokelela aba bantu ukuba baphathwe yi-comorbid psychiatric iimpawu ezifana nokuxhalaba okanye ukudakumba azikaqondwa ngokupheleleyo. Uphando olutshanje lubonakala lufumana ubudlelwane phakathi kwezi mpawu kunye neenkqubo zokuthelekisa uluntu (Hedley et al, 2006). Ukususela kwi-Asperger Syndrome Umnqweno wokunxulumana nabanye uyalondolozwa, kodwa unxulunyaniswa nobunzima obunzulu kwizakhono zentlalo., sifumana abantu abaqaphelayo ubunzima babo bentlalo kwaye xa bethelekisa umgangatho wobudlelwane babo nabanye babona iziphumo ezibi ezifunyenweyo xa kuthelekiswa ngendlela engafanelekanga kunye ne-aversive ngokupheleleyo.
Ukwazi ngakumbi malunga neempawu ze-Asperger Syndrome kusinceda siqonde aba bantu. Ukuziqonda kusenza siqonde ukuba imida yasekuhlaleni ibonakala inokwenza intetho yabo yahluke kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba iyayeka ukuba sisityebi, izaliswe yintsingiselo kwaneemvakalelo. Iindlela zokuvakalisa iimvakalelo zahlukile kumntu ngamnye, kwaye zisengqiqweni nakubo. Nika ukubonakala kweyantlukwano Yinjongo ekufuneka uluntu lwenkulungwane yama-21 luyibeke njengeyona nto iphambili.