Namhlanje kubhiyozelwa USuku lwaMalungelo aBantwana lweHlabathi. Usuku lokukhumbula oko onke amakhwenkwe namantombazana anamalungelo afanayongaphandle kwesini sakho, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, inkolo, imfundo, imeko yezoqoqosho okanye inkanuko yesini. Oku kuyaziwa kwifayile ye- Isibhengezo seHlabathi samaLungelo oMntwana yamkelwe ngo-Novemba 20, 1959 yi-United Nations General Assembly.
Nangona kunjalo, esi sibhengezo besingonelanga ukukhusela amalungelo abantwana njengoko singakhange sibonise naluphi na uxanduva kwezomthetho kumazwe asamkeleyo. Ke ngoko, emva kweminyaka yothethathethwano noorhulumente bamazwe ahlukeneyo, iinkokheli zonqulo kunye namaziko ahlukeneyo, isicatshulwa sokugqibela esiza kukhokelela kwi Ingqungquthela yamalungelo abantwana. Isivumelwano samazwe aphesheya, esivunyiweyo ngoNovemba 20, 1989, yiNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo. Isivumelwano siyabandakanywa kuyo 54 amanqaku amalungelo oluntu asisiseko amantombazana, amakhwenkwe nakwishumi elivisayo kwaye iyimfuneko yesicelo kunye nokuzalisekiswa ngabo bonke oorhulumente abayityikityileyo. Ingqungquthela ikwabandakanya uxanduva lwabazali, ootitshala, abasebenzi bezempilo kunye nabo bonke abantu abanxulumene nelizwe lobuntwana.
Ingqungquthela isekwe kwi imigaqo esisiseko emine axhasa onke amanye amalungelo abantwana. Le mithetho-siseko kukungacalucaluli, eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu emntwaneni, ilungelo lokuphila kunye nokukhula kunye noluvo lomntwana.
Ukungacaluli: Bonke abantwana banamalungelo afanayo kuzo zonke iimeko, ngalo lonke ixesha nakuyo yonke indawo.
Umdla ophezulu womntwana: Nasiphi na isigqibo, umthetho okanye umgaqo-nkqubo onokuchaphazela abantwana kufuneka uthathele ingqalelo okona kulungele abantwana.
Ilungelo lobomi, lokusinda kunye nophuhliso: Onke amantombazana namakhwenkwe anelungelo lokuphila kwaye akhule ngokwaneleyo, aqinisekise ukufikelela kwiinkonzo ezisisiseko namathuba alinganayo.
Ukuthatha inxaxheba: Abancinci banelungelo lokuboniswa malunga neemeko ezibachaphazelayo kwaye kuthathelwe ingqalelo izimvo zabo.
Amanqaku angama-54 endibano ashwankathelwe kwi Imigaqo elishumi esisiseko ezizi Ukuthotyelwa kokunyanzelwa ziintlanga ezikugunyazisileyo.
Ngelishwa, phantse iminyaka engama-60 emva kwesiBhengezo seHlabathi, amalungelo abantwana ayaqhubeka nokunyhashwa. Kwiimeko ezininzi ukwaphulwa kwala malungelo kucacile kwaye kuyacaca, kodwa kwamanye amaninzi, kwenzeka ngendlela echuliweyo neyamkelweyo eluntwini. Kwaye abantwana benza iqela elisesichengeni sobundlongondlongo, ikakhulu ngabantu abadala. Ngenxa yemeko yabo yasemzimbeni nangokweemvakalelo, ngabona bantu bangamaxhoba angakhuselekanga kwaye babhencekile ekuxhatshazweni kwazo zonke iintlobo, ngokufuthi ngaphakathi kwekhaya, okusingqongileyo okanye kwilizwe labo. Ngamaxesha amaninzi, kwenziwa ilinge lokuthethelela ukungabi nakuthetheleleka, ngenxa yenkolo, inkcubeko okanye izizathu zokuziphatha.
Ngawaphi awona malungelo anyhashwa?
Amalungelo emfundo
Amawaka amantombazana namakhwenkwe ehlabathini akakwazi ukuya esikolweni ngenxa yeemeko ahlala phantsi kwazo, ungquzulwano lwemfazwe okanye ngenxa yokuba benyanzelekile ukuba basebenze.
Ilungelo lempilo
Uninzi lwabantwana abancinci emhlabeni babulawa mihla le ngenxa yokuba ngamaxhoba ezifo ezinganyangekiyo okanye ngenxa yokungafumani amayeza anokubasindisa.
Ilungelo kubuzwe
Kukho amazwe angayamkeliyo imvelaphi yabantwana. Oku kubenza bangabonakali eluntwini kwaye bangakwazi ukonwabela amalungelo asisiseko oluntu.
Ilungelo lokufumana izindlu ezifanelekileyo
Kumazwe amaninzi, kubandakanya nelethu, kukho abantwana abangenakulonwabela ikhaya. Oku kuvelisa iingxaki zokuziqhelanisa kunye nokungazithembi kubantwana.
Iimeko ezinyhasha amalungelo abantwana
Ukuxhatshazwa kwabasebenzi
Uninzi lwabantwana ehlabathini basebenza phantsi kweemeko eziyingozi, kangangeeyure ezingapheliyo, kungabikho kutya nokutya okuncinci iimeko ezoyikisayo zobukhoboka ezibangela iziphumo ezibi emzimbeni nasengqondweni.
Abantwana abachaphazeleke kungquzulwano ngezixhobo
Ngexesha lemfazwe, abantwana bazifumana bengenile iimeko ezinzulu zomngcipheko ngokwasemzimbeni nangokweemvakalelo. Ukuphulukana namalungu osapho kunye nabanye ababathandayo kubashiya bekwimeko yokuba sesichengeni ngokugqithileyo, isenza ukuba kube lula kubo ukuba babe zizinto zonke zokuhlaselwa (ukudlwengulwa, ukuxhwilwa, ukurhweba ngabantu ngokungekho mthethweni, ukugaywa njengamajoni abantwana, njl.).
I-Trata
Unyaka nonyaka, amawaka abantwana ayabanjwa okanye athengiswe ziintsapho zawo ukuze axhatshazwe ngaphakathi okanye ngaphandle kwelizwe. Iindlela zokurhweba ngabantu ngokungekho mthethweni zingabandakanya ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo, ukusebenza kunye nokususwa kwamalungu.
Ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo
Ukujikeleza lo mbandela kuhlala kuthe cwaka okokoko ixhoba liziva lihlazo nokoyika. Ingakumbi xa ililungu losapho okanye umntu oqhelene naye osebenzisa olo xhatshazo. Amaxhoba oyika ukwaliwa kunye nehlazo kwiintsapho zawo. Kwamanye amazwe, abantwana abanalo nelungelo lokufaka ubungqina enkundleni.
Amantombazana athanda ukuxhatshazwa rhoqo kunamakhwenkwe.
Ukunyanzelwa umtshato kwangoko
Baqikelelwa kwizigidi ezingama-82 abasetyhini abatshata ngaphambi kokuzalwa kwabo kwe-18. Kwizihlandlo ezininzi, umtshato usisiqhamo se uthethathethwano phakathi kwabazali bentombazana kunye nesithandwa sayo, uhlala emdala kakhulu kuye.
Oku, ukongeza ekucingeni ukwaphulwa komdla wentombazana, kucinga uthotho lweziphumo ezichaphazela amalungelo afana nemfundo, impilo okanye ukuthembeka komzimba.
Ukoluka kwabasetyhini
Amaxhoba ahlala engamantombazana aphakathi kweminyaka emi-4 neli-14 ubudala kwaye utyando lwenziwa phambi komtshato okanye umntwana wokuqala. Lo mkhuba, ukongeza ekubeni ucalucalulo, wenza ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo asisiseko amantombazanailungelo kwimpilo, ukuthembeka emzimbeni, ukukhuselwa kwizenzo zobundlobongela nakwinkululeko yesigqibo ngomzimba wakho.
Yinto eqhelekileyo leyo iqhele ukwenziwa ngendlela engaqhelekanga kwaye ngaphandle kokuthintela ucoceko. Ke ngoko, amantombazana aphantsi kolu ngenelelo asemngciphekweni wokosulelwa zizifo, i-septicemia, usulelo lomchamo, iintlungu xa usabelana ngesondo kunye nezinye iingxaki zomzimba nezeemvakalelo ezivela kukoluka.
Ukunyhashwa okungabonakaliyo kwamalungelo abantwana
Kukho ezinye iindlela zokunyhashwa kwamalungelo abantwana. Mhlawumbi ayibonakali kodwa icekeceke kwaye ibe yinto eqhelekileyo kuluntu lwethu, kodwa ibaluleke ngokulinganayo kwaye ayamkelekanga. Sonke sinengqondo yabantwana beemeko ezibi kunye nezobugqwetha ababona iindaba kwaye sicinga ukuba abantwana bethu, abahlaliswe kuluntu olubaqinisekisa ngemfundo, ezempilo kunye nezinye iimfuno, baneemfuno zesibhengezo samalungelo oluntu jikelele. igutyungelwe. Kodwa akusoloko kunje, iimeko ezininzi ezenzeka ekhaya nasezikolweni kwaye esihlala sizithatha njengezisemthethweni, zinyhasha amanye ala malungelo. Ndikunika imizekelo:
Ukusetyenziswa okanye ukuxhasa ukohlwaywa emzimbeni ngenxa yemfundo
E-Spain, ukusebenzisa isohlwayo kulwaphulo-mthetho ngokwe- Inqaku le-154 lekhowudi yoluntu. Ubundlobongela, nokuba bunjani na, abufundisi. Akukho sidlele semfundo, okanye mmangaliso. Ngokusebenzisa isohlwayo ngokwasemzimbeni, ekuphela kwento esiyibonisayo kukuba siphelelwe yimithombo yokusombulula ukungavisisani kwaye, ngokungakwazi ukuzilawula, umsindo wethu siwukhuphele kwabona babuthathaka.
"Luxanduva lukaRhulumente ukukhusela abantwana kulo lonke uhlobo lwempatho-gadalala eyenziwa ngootata, oomama okanye nawuphina umntu" (Inqaku le-19 lesivumelwano seLungelo loMntwana)
Ukukhwaza, ukuhlekisa, okanye ukugrogrisa umntwana
Amaxesha amaninzi, xa abantwana bengaziphathi ngendlela esicinga ukuba mabaziphathe ngayo, siye sibhenele ekubangxoliseni, sibasongele okanye sibahleke. Isenokuba asiyazi loo nto, kodwa kwezi meko abantwana banobunzima, njengathi xa sisenza ngathi siziva singamkelekanga emsebenzini wethu okanye kwindalo esingqongileyo. Umahluko kukuba sinazo okanye sinazo izixhobo zokuzikhusela. Sihlala sikonwabela uvelwano lwabanye abantu abadala. Kubantwana, ezi zenzo zithathwa njengezisemthethweni kwaye zihlala zingaziva zixhaswa nangubani, Endaweni yokuchasene ngokupheleleyo. Ukongeza, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba umonakalo weemvakalelo unokwenzakalisa okanye ungaphaya komzimba.
"Umntwana, ekukhuleni ngokuzeleyo nangokufanelekileyo kobuntu bakhe, ufuna uthando nokuqonda." (Umgaqo VI wesibhengezo samalungelo abantwana).
Ukungayihoyi iinyembezi okanye iimfuno zabantwana
Xa sisebenzisa iindlela zokuqeqesha ukulala okanye siyityeshele iminqweno yabo ukuba ihamba nayo, xa singabavumeli ukuba baveze iimvakalelo zabo, siyabanyanzela ukuba batye ngaphandle kwendlala, ukulawula uqeqesho lwangasese ngaphambi kwexesha ..., ngamafutshane, ngalo lonke ixesha singazihloniphi isingqisho kunye neemfuno zabo zebhayiloji, siwaphula amalungelo akho.
"Nanini na apho kufanelekileyo, kufuneka bakhule phantsi kokhuseleko noxanduva lwabazali kwaye, nakweyiphi na imeko, kwindawo enothando kunye nokuziphatha kunye nokukhuseleka kwempahla" (Umgaqo VI we-Universal Declaration of the Rights of the Child)
Ukwahlula umntwana kubazali bakhe
Kwezinye izibhedlele, abantwana abasandul 'ukuzalwa bathathwa basiwa kwindlwane ngaphandle kwesizathu. Oomama abaya kwi-cearean kwiimeko ezininzi abavumelekanga ukuba basebenzise ulusu-nolusu. Kwelinye icala, kuqhelekile ukuba kwamanye amaziko ezempilo, ungavumeli abantwana bakhatshwe ngabazali babo kuvavanyo oluthile, ngokwaphula umthetho we Itshata yaseYurophu yamaLungelo aBantwana abaBhedlele. Ukwahlula kwenzeka xa abantwana kufuneka bachithe iiyure ezininzi ezikolweni nakwiindawo zokugcina abantwana ngenxa yeemeko zokusebenza zabazali kunye nokungabikho kwemigaqo yoxolelwaniso ethathela ingqalelo iimfuno zabantwana.
»Ngaphandle kwakwiimeko ezizodwa, umntwana omncinci akufuneki ahlukaniswe nonina" (Umgaqo VI wesibhengezo samalungelo oluntu jikelele)
Umsebenzi ogqithisileyo wesikolo kunye nezohlwayo
Xa abantwana befika ekhaya bephethe umsebenzi wesikolo okanye bohlwaywa ngaphandle kwekhefu, kukwaphula ilungelo lokonwabela ngokupheleleyo imidlalo kunye nokuzonwabisa. Uninzi lwabantu abadala baneshedyuli kwaye asihlali sihamba nomsebenzi wethu siye nawo ekhaya, ngaphandle kwemibandela embalwa. Sikonwabela ngomthetho ixesha lethu lokuphumla ngexesha lomsebenzi. Ukuba akunjalo, singabeka izandla zethu entloko. Nangona kunjalo, sibona kuyinto eqhelekileyo kwaye kufanelekile, ukuba umntwana ahluthwe ixesha lakhe lokuphumla ngexesha lesikolo okanye agoduke nomsebenzi omninzi wesikolo kangangokuba akunakwenzeka ukuba aphume aye kudlala okanye enze eminye imisebenzi.
»Umntwana kufuneka ayonwabele imidlalo nokuzonwabisa, ekufuneka ijolise kwiinjongo ezilandelwa yimfundo; Uluntu kunye nabasemagunyeni bazakuzama ukukhuthaza ukonwabela eli lungelo "(Umgaqo VII weSibhengezo seLungelo laBantwana weHlabathi)
Ukuxhatshazwa esikolweni okanye ukuxhatshazwa
Ukuxhatshazwa kwabafundi sesohlobo lokuxhatshazwa ngokwasemzimbeni, ngomlomo nangokwengqondo olwenzeka phakathi kwabantwana kwaye ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kwiimeko ezininzi, Ayinikwanga ukubaluleka okuyifunayo kuba ithathwa njengezinto zabantwana kwaye baya kuyisombulula phakathi kwabo. Nangona kunjalo, kumntwana ochaphazelekayo, ubomi bunokujikela esihogweni, ngamanye amaxesha ade atshintshe nezikolo. Kwiimeko ezibi kakhulu, ukuzibulala kuye kwenzeka.
Le yingxaki enkulu engafanele kuthathwa kancinci. Oomama, ootata kunye nootitshala, sinoxanduva lokunceda abantwana bahlangabezane nezi meko, ngokunjalo bafundise ngonyamezelo nentlonipho yabanye neyabo.
Umntwana kufuneka akhuselwe kwizenzo ezinokukhuthaza nakuphi na ukucalulwa. Kuya kufuneka akhuliswe ngomoya wokuqonda kunye nokunyamezelana xa ejongene neyantlukwano. (Umgaqo X we Isibhengezo seHlabathi samaLungelo oMntwana)
Thatha isigqibo ngabantwana okanye ungazihoyi izimvo zabo
Abantwana banayo ilungelo lokwaziswa nokubonisana ngemiba ebachaphazelayo, kodwa into yesiqhelo kukuba singabantu abadala siyabagqiba ngaphandle kokubonisana nabo.
"Abancinci banelungelo lokuthethathethana kwiimeko ezibachaphazelayo kwaye kuthathelwe ingqalelo izimvo zabo." (Umgaqo osisiseko weNgqungquthela yamaLungelo oMntwana).
Umntwana kufuneka akhuselwe kwizenzo ezinokukhuthaza nakuphi na ukucalulwa. Kuya kufuneka akhuliswe ngomoya wokuqonda kunye nokunyamezelana xa ejongene neyantlukwano.