Ukukhubazeka kwengqondo kubonakala ngobukrelekrele okanye isakhono sengqondo esingaphantsi komndilili kunye nokunqongophala kwezakhono ezifunekayo kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Abantu abakhubazeke ngokwasengqondweni banokufunda izakhono ezitsha, kodwa bazifunda ngokucothayo. Kukho amanqanaba ahlukeneyo okhubazeko ngokwasengqondweni, ukusuka komncinci ukuya konzulu.
Ngaphambili igama elithi "ukukhubazeka kwengqondo" lalisetyenziswa, kodwa namhlanje liye layeka ukusetyenziswa kuba liyakhubekisa kwaye linethoni engalunganga kunye neentsingiselo. Ngoko, into echanekileyo kukusebenzisa igama elithi "intellectual disability".
Yintoni ukukhubazeka ngokwasengqondweni?
Umntu okhubazeke ngokwasengqondweni uye imida kwiindawo ezimbini. Le mimandla imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
- ukusebenza kwengqondo. Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-IQ. Libhekisela kubuchule bomntu bokufunda, bokuqiqa, bokwenza izigqibo nokucombulula iingxaki.
- ukuziphatha okuguquguqukayo. Ezi zizakhono eziyimfuneko kubomi bemihla ngemihla, njengokukwazi ukunxibelelana ngokufanelekileyo, ukusebenzisana nabanye kunye nokuzinyamekela.
Intelligence quotient (IQ) ilinganiswa ngovavanyo lwe-IQ. Umyinge we-IQ li-100, abantu abaninzi abafumana amanqaku phakathi kwe-85 kunye ne-115. Umntu uthathwa njengokhubazeko ngokwasengqondweni ukuba une-IQ engaphantsi kwama-70 ukuya kuma-75.
Ukulinganisa indlela yokuziphatha eguquguqukayo yomntwana, ingcali iya kujonga izakhono zomntwana kwaye ithelekise nabanye abantwana abakwiminyaka efanayo. Izinto ezinokubonwa, ngokomzekelo, bubuchule bakhe bokuzondla okanye ukuzinxiba, ukukwazi kwakhe ukunxibelelana nokuqonda abanye, indlela aqhubana ngayo nentsapho, abahlobo nabanye abantwana abalingana naye.
Iimpawu zokukhubazeka kwengqondo kubantwana
Zininzi iimpawu ezahlukeneyo zokukhubazeka ngokwasengqondweni ebantwaneni. Iimpawu zinokuvela ngexesha lobusana okanye zingabonakali de umntwana afike kwiminyaka yokuya esikolweni. Kudla ngokuxhomekeke kubuzaza bokukhubazeka. Ezinye zeempawu ezixhaphakileyo zesi simo zezi zilandelayo:
- Ukulibaziseka kumanyathelo abalulekileyo emoto, njengokuqengqeleka, ukuhlala, ukukhasa, okanye ukuhamba.
- ukulibaziseka kwinkangeleko yentetho, okanye unengxaki yokuthetha.
- Ukulibazisa ekulawuleni isinyi kunye/okanye nesphincter, ukuzinxiba, okanye ukuzondla.
- Ubunzima bokukhumbula izinto.
- Ukungakwazi ukudibanisa izenzo kunye nemiphumo.
- Iingxaki zokuziphatha ezifana nokugqabhuka komsindo.
- Ubunzima bokusombulula ingxaki okanye ukucinga okunengqiqo.
Kubantwana abane ukukhubazeka kwengqondo okunzulu okanye okunzulu, kusenokubakho nezinye iingxaki zempilo. Ezi ngxaki zinokuba:
- ukuxhuzula
- ukuphazamiseka kwemizwelo (ixhala, i-autism, njl.
- ukukhubazeka kwezakhono zemoto
- iingxaki zokubona okanye zokuva
Yintoni ebangela ukukhubazeka ngokwasengqondweni?
Naliphi na ixesha into ephazamisa ukukhula kwengqondo eqhelekileyo, ukukhubazeka kwengqondo kunokwenzeka. Nangona kunjalo, unobangela othile wale meko unokuchongwa kuphela malunga nesithathu sexesha. I oonobangela abaqhelekileyo Zizo zilandelayo:
- iimeko zofuzo, njenge Isifo esiPhantsi kunye ne-X syndrome ebuthathaka
- iingxaki ngexesha lokukhulelwa. Ukusetyenziswa kotywala okanye iziyobisi, ukungondleki, izifo ezithile, okanye i<em>preeclampsia kunokuphazamisa ukukhula kobuchopho bomntwana.
- Iingxaki ngexesha lokubeleka. Oku kunokubangelwa kukuba usana lubandezwa ioksijini ngexesha lokubeleka okanye luzalwe ngaphambi kwexesha kakhulu.
- Isifo. Usulelo olufana ne-meningitis, ukhohlokhohlo, okanye imasisi lunokubangela le ngxaki ebantwaneni.
- Ukwenzakala kakhulu entloko, xa uphantse warhaxwa, ukungondleki ngokugqithiseleyo, ukwasulelwa yingqondo, ukuba sesichengeni kwizinto eziyityhefu ezifana nelothe, nokungakhathalelwa ngokuqatha okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi nako kunokukubangela.
- Akukho nanye kwezi ziphezulu. Kwisibini kwisithathu sabo bonke abantwana abakhubazeke ngokwasengqondweni, isizathu asaziwa.
Ngaba ukukhubazeka ngokwasengqondweni kunokuthintelwa?
Izizathu ezithile zokukhubazeka ngokwasengqondweni zibonwa kwangaphambili. Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo kwezi yi-fetal alcohol syndrome. Abasetyhini abakhulelweyo akufanele basele utywala. Ukufumana ukhathalelo olufanelekileyo ngaphambi kokubeleka, ukuthatha ivithamin ngaphambi kokubeleka, kunye nokugonyelwa izifo ezithile ezosulelayo nako kunokunciphisa umngcipheko wokuzalwa komntwana oneziphene zobukrelekrele. Kwiintsapho ezinembali yokuphazamiseka kwemfuza, uvavanyo lwemfuzo lwangaphambili lunokucetyiswa.
Iimvavanyo ezithile, ezifana ne-ultrasound kunye ne-amniocentesis, zinokwenziwa ngexesha lokukhulelwa ukujonga iingxaki ezinxulumene nokukhubazeka kwengqondo. Nangona ezi mvavanyo ziyakwazi ukuchonga iingxaki ngaphambi kokuzalwa, azikwazi ukuzilungisa.