Ukuhleleka kokunakekelwa komphakathi kube ngenye yezinselelo ezinkulu zenqubomgomo yomphakathi eSpain naseLatin America. Ngenkathi eSpain ukuguqulwa kwamuva koMthetho Wokuxhomekeka kanye nomthetho wokukhubazeka, okwavunywa yiCongress of Deputies ngoJulayi 16, kwethula izinguquko ezinkulu kumodeli yokunakekelwa, eMexico izinhlangano zomphakathi zifuna ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kakhulu ukuze kuqaliswe uhlelo lukazwelonke olube khona ephepheni iminyaka eminingi. Zombili lezi zimo zinokuxilongwa okufanayo: ukunakekelwa akunakugcinwa ngaphandle kwemali eyanele kanye nezimo zokusebenza ezinhle.
Uguquko lwaseSpain, oludunyiswe yiSocial Platform yaseCastile naseLeón, luqinisa ukunakekelwa kwasekhaya, lwandisa usizo lomuntu siqu kanye nokusekelwa kwezindlu, futhi luthuthukisa ukuvikelwa kwezingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka eyisithupha. Luphinde lwethule izinguquko zentela ezinciphisa umthwalo wezezimali emindenini futhi ziqede imithetho yokungavumelani phakathi kwezinzuzo, okuvumela ukuhlanganiswa kwezinsizakalo okuguquguqukayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isikhathi esiphezulu sokucubungula izicelo sincishiswa sibe yizinyanga ezintathu, futhi kudalwa indawo eyodwa yokuxhumana yokuphatha izinzuzo—isinyathelo esiqhubekela phambili esithembisa ukuqeda ingxenye enkulu ye-bureaucracy ebilokhu iphazamisa uhlelo ngokomlando.
Isibalo somnakekeli sifakiwe emthethweni
Esinye sezigaba ezibalulekile kakhulu zokuguqulwa ukuqashelwa okucacile komnakekeli oyinhloko, umuntu, empeleni, osekela uhlelo kodwa obengenalo ukwesekwa okusemthethweni kuze kube manje. Lo muntu uzoba nelungelo lokuthola ulwazi, ukuqeqeshwa, nokusekelwa, kanye nezinyathelo eziqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kokunakekelwa uma kwenzeka ukugula okukhulu noma ukulaliswa esibhedlela. Kodwa-ke, izinhlangano zokunakekela zixwayisa ngokuthi ukuqashelwa ngokomthetho akukaxazululi izinkinga ezifana nomholo, iminikelo yezokuphepha komphakathi, noma umhlalaphansi ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Lolu shintsho luhlanganisa ne-Article 35 bis entsha mayelana nekhwalithi yokuqashwa, ephoqelela ukusungulwa kwezindlela zokuqinisekisa abasebenzi abanele ezikhungweni futhi ezovumela ukuhlolwa kwezinkomba ezifana namaholo, amahora okusebenza, kanye nokuqashwa kwesikhashana, okuhlukaniswe ngobulili, iminyaka, imvelaphi, kanye nobunikazi benkonzo. Lesi yisinyathelo esibalulekile sokuthuthukisa izimo zokusebenza emkhakheni ojwayelekile onobungozi futhi olawulwa ngabesifazane, yize ukuthuthukiswa kwawo komthetho kuzoba yisihluthulelo sokuqinisekisa ukuthi akuhlali nje kuyisitatimende senhloso.
Ukuvikelwa okwengeziwe kanye nezindleko zentela eziphansi zemindeni
Ngasohlangothini lwezomnotho, lolu shintsho lwandisa izinzuzo ezingakhokhiswa intela yengeniso, okuhlanganisa nalezo eziphathelene nokunakekelwa komndeni, usizo lomuntu siqu, kanye nokusekelwa kwezindlu. Luphinde lubeke ukuthi usizo oluphuthumayo lomphakathi oluhloselwe ukumboza izidingo eziyisisekelo ngeke lubhekwe njengoxhaso, ngaleyo ndlela luvimbele intela yalo njengenzuzo yezimali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinsizakalo zomphakathi zibhekwa njengezinsizakalo ezibalulekile, ushintsho esimweni esingaba nemiphumela ejulile ekuxhasweni kwazo kanye nesibopho seziphathimandla zomphakathi sokuziqinisekisa.
Esinye isici esibalulekile ukudalwa kweqembu elisebenzayo likahulumeni mayelana nokuxhaswa ngezimali kanye nokusimama kohlelo lokunakekelwa kwesikhathi eside, elizohlaziya izidingo zangempela zomnotho futhi limise izindlela zokunquma ukusetshenziswa kwemali. Ukuguqulwa kusikisela ukuthi umnikelo ovela emiphakathini ezimele okungenani ulingane nokahulumeni ophakathi , ngenhloso yokufinyelela u-50% wezimali zikahulumeni. Leli elinye lamaphuzu alindelwe kakhulu, njengoba igebe phakathi kwamalungelo aqashelwayo nezinsiza ezitholakalayo libe ukugxekwa kwesikhathi eside kohlelo.
Inselele yaseMexico: isabelomali esinganele kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo oqhubekayo
Ngaphesheya kwe-Atlantic, iMexico ibhekene nenselele efanayo, kodwa inegebe elikhulu nakakhulu. Ngokusho kwe-Organizing Consortium yoMhlangano Kazwelonke othi “Ikusasa Lokunakekelwa eMexico,” equkethe izinhlangano eziyishumi zezwe nezamazwe ngamazwe, isabelomali samanje asanele ukwakha uhlelo oluhlanganisa wonke umuntu. Ngo-2026, ukusetshenziswa kwemali okulindelwe komphakathi ezinhlelweni ezihlobene nokunakekelwa kukahulumeni kumelela u-1,21% we-GDP, inani elingaphansi kakhulu kuka-2,9% okulinganiswa yi-ILO njengokudingekayo ukuze kutshalwe imali eyanele yomphakathi.
Izinhlangano zibika ukuthi abantu abayisishiyagalolunye kwabayishumi abakhubazekile abatholi ukunakekelwa okukhethekile, nokuthi u-2% kuphela wezinsizakalo zomphakathi eziqondiswe kubantu abadala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo sokuqashwa esibucayi sabasebenzi bokunakekela siyashaqisa: abasebenzi basekhaya ababili kuphela kwabayi-100 abathola ukuphepha komphakathi, kanti abayisikhombisa kwabayishumi abatholi izinzuzo ngaphandle kweholo labo. Ukuntuleka kwamalungelo okusebenza kwabanakekeli kuyisimo esiphuthumayo , ikakhulukazi uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi umkhakha wokunakekela uzoba ngomunye wabadali bemisebenzi abakhulu emashumini eminyaka ezayo.
Ukubambisana njengomgogodla wokuguqula izinto
ESpain naseMexico, impikiswano ngokunakekela igcizelele isidingo sokuguqula imikhuba yamasiko eye yanikeza lo msebenzi kwabesifazane ngokomlando. Umthwalo wemfanelo ohlanganyelwe phakathi kwamadoda, imindeni, umbuso, umkhakha ozimele, kanye nomphakathi uyisimiso esiyinhloko seziphakamiso. EMexico, i-Consortium icele wonke amazinga amathathu kahulumeni, abameli, umphakathi, kanye nomkhakha ozimele ukuthi bahlangane ukuze baqinise uhlelo lukazwelonke, ngenhloso yokwakha inqubomgomo yomphakathi yesikhathi eside eqinisekisa ukunakekelwa njengelungelo eliqinisekisiwe kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo ohlanganyelwe.
Ezingeni lesifunda, i-National Care Secretariat yase-Uruguay kanye ne-National Institute for Disability (INADIS) bakhuthaze ukuxoxisana ngezinselelo zokwakha izinhlelo zokusekela nokunakekela eziphelele eziqinisa ukuzimela kwabantu abakhubazekile. Ngesikhathi soMhlangano Wesithupha Wengqungquthela Yesifunda Yomphakathi Nentuthuko eLatin America naseCaribbean, ehlelwe yi-ECLAC, uValentina Perrotta, iPhini Lomqondisi we-National Care Secretariat, waphakamisa isidingo "sokuqhubekela ezinhlelweni zokunakekela, kodwa futhi, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, ezinhlelweni zokusekela zokwenza izinqumo ngokuzimela." Lolu shintsho olimini kanye nendlela yokusebenza luyadingeka nakwamanye amazwe esifundeni.
Uguquko lwaseSpain, ngakolunye uhlangothi, luhlanganisa izinyathelo ezithile zabantu abakhubazekile, njengokufinyeleleka kwabantu bonke njengelungelo, indima yomgqugquzeli wezinqubo, kanye nokuzibophezela ekubhaleni umthetho wesikhathi esizayo emisebenzini yokungenelela komphakathi. Luphinde lwethule izinyathelo zokuvikela abesifazane namantombazane abakhubazekile futhi luphoqelela ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo komthelela wobulili wezinqubomgomo. Lezi ntuthuko, kanye nokunciphisa ubuholi kanye nezimo zokusebenza ezithuthukisiwe, zikhomba ushintsho ekuqondisweni kohlelo: ukunakekelwa okwengeziwe ekhaya, amandla amakhulu okuhlanganisa izinsizakalo zokusekela, kanye nokuqashelwa kwangempela kwabanakekeli.
Kodwa-ke, kokubili eSpain naseMexico, eziningi zalezi zinyathelo zisazodinga ukuthuthukiswa kwemithetho kanye nezivumelwano phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuze zibe amalungelo asebenzayo. Ukuxhaswa ngezimali kuseyinselele enkulu, futhi igebe phakathi kwalokho okushiwo yimithetho nalokho imindeni ekutholayo empeleni lisakhulu. Indlela eya ohlelweni lokunakekelwa oluqinisekisa ukuzimela, ukulingana, kanye nesithunzi sabanakekeli kanye nalabo abathola ukunakekelwa inde, kodwa izinguquko zakamuva kanye nengcindezi evela emphakathini womphakathi kuphumelele ekuyibekeni enhliziyweni ye-ajenda yezepolitiki.
Ukuhlanganiswa kohlelo lokunakekelwa oluhlala njalo noluqhubekayo akuyona indawo engavamile, kodwa kudinga intando yezepolitiki, ukutshalwa kwezimali okuqhubekayo, kanye noshintsho olukhulu lwamasiko. Izinguquko ezivunyiwe eSpain kanye nezidingo zezinhlangano eMexico zihambisana nephuzu eliyisisekelo: ukunakekelwa kuyilungelo, hhayi umusa, futhi inhlangano yayo ayikwazi ukuqhubeka iwela emahlombe abesifazane . Inselele manje ukuhumusha imithetho ibe yizinto ezingokoqobo, ngesabelomali esanele, izinsizakalo ezifinyelelekayo, kanye nezimo zokusebenza ezinhle kulabo abasekela impilo.