Ukukhubazeka ngokomqondo kubonakala ngobuhlakani noma ikhono lengqondo elingaphansi kwesilinganiso kanye nokuntuleka kwamakhono adingekayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Abantu abanokukhubazeka kwengqondo bangakwazi futhi bafunde amakhono amasha, kodwa bawafunda kancane kancane. Kunamazinga ahlukene okukhubazeka kwengqondo, kusukela kokuncane kuye kokujulile.
Ngaphambili igama elithi “ukukhubazeka kwengqondo” lalisetshenziswa, kodwa namuhla selingasasetshenziswa ngoba liyacasula futhi linephimbo elibi nezincazelo. Ngakho, into efanele ukusebenzisa igama elithi “intellectual disability”.
Kuyini ukukhubazeka kwengqondo?
Umuntu onokukhubazeka ngokomqondo uye ukulinganiselwa ezindaweni ezimbili. Lezi zindawo zimi kanje:
- ukusebenza kwengqondo. Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-IQ. Libhekisela ekhonweni lomuntu lokufunda, ukucabanga, ukwenza izinqumo nokuxazulula izinkinga.
- ukuziphatha okuguquguqukayo. Lawa amakhono adingekayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, njengokukwazi ukuxhumana ngokuphumelelayo, ukuxhumana nabanye kanye nokuzinakekela.
Intelligence quotient (IQ) ikalwa ngokuhlolwa kwe-IQ. I-IQ evamile yi-100, abantu abaningi abathola amaphuzu aphakathi kuka-85 no-115. Umuntu ubhekwa njengokukhubazeka kwengqondo uma ene-IQ engaphansi kuka-70 kuya ku-75.
Ukukala ukuziphatha kwengane okuguquguqukayo, uchwepheshe uzobheka amakhono engane futhi awaqhathanise nezinye izingane ezineminyaka efanayo. Izinto ezingabhekwa, ngokwesibonelo, amakhono akhe okuzondla noma okuzigqokisa, ikhono lakhe lokukhuluma nokuqonda abanye, indlela asebenzelana ngayo nomkhaya, abangane nezinye izingane ezingontanga yakhe.
Izimpawu Zokukhubazeka Komqondo Ezinganeni
Kunezibonakaliso eziningi ezahlukene zokukhubazeka kwengqondo ezinganeni. Izimpawu zingase zivele ebuntwaneni noma zingabonakali kuze kube yilapho ingane ifinyelela iminyaka yesikole. Imvamisa kuncike ekuqineni kokukhubazeka. Ezinye zezimpawu ezivame kakhulu zalesi simo yilezi:
- Ukubambezeleka kuma-gross motor milestones, njengokugingqika, ukuhlala, ukukhasa, noma ukuhamba.
- ukubambezeleka ekubukekeni kwenkulumo, noma unenkinga yokukhuluma.
- Ukubambezeleka ekulawuleni esinyeni kanye/noma umphimbo, ukuzigqoka, noma ukuzifunza.
- Ubunzima bokukhumbula izinto.
- Ukungakwazi ukuxhuma izenzo nemiphumela.
- Izinkinga zokuziphatha ezifana nokufutheka okuqhumayo.
- Ubunzima bokuxazulula izinkinga noma ukucabanga okunengqondo.
Ezinganeni ezine ukukhubazeka kwengqondo okukhulu noma okujulile, kungase kube nezinye izinkinga zempilo. Lezi zinkinga kungaba:
- isithuthwane
- ukuphazamiseka kwemizwelo (ukukhathazeka, i-autism, njll.)
- ukukhubazeka kwamakhono emoto
- izinkinga zokubona noma zokuzwa
Yini ebangela ukukhubazeka kwengqondo?
Noma nini lapho okuthile kuphazamisa ukukhula kobuchopho okuvamile, ukukhubazeka kwengqondo kungenzeka. Nokho, imbangela ethile yalesi simo ingabonakala kuphela cishe ingxenye yesithathu yesikhathi. I izimbangela ezivame kakhulu Yilezi ezilandelayo:
- izimo zofuzo, njenge IDown's Syndrome kanye ne-X syndrome ebuthakathaka
- izinkinga ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Ukusetshenziswa kotshwala noma izidakamizwa, ukungondleki kahle, izifo ezithile, noma i-preeclampsia kungaphazamisa ukukhula kobuchopho bengane.
- Izinkinga ngesikhathi sokubeletha. Kungaba umphumela uma umntwana entula umoya-mpilo ngesikhathi ebeletha noma ezalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kakhulu.
- Ukugula. Ukutheleleka okufana ne-meningitis, ukukhwehlela, noma isimungumungwane kungadala le nkinga ezinganeni.
- Ukulimala kabi ekhanda, eduze nokuminza, ukungondleki ngokweqile, izifo zobuchopho, ukuchayeka ezintweni ezinobuthi ezinjengomthofu, ukunganaki okunzima noma ukuxhashazwa nakho kungakudala.
- Akukho kulokhu okungenhla. Ezingxenyeni ezimbili kwezintathu zazo zonke izingane ezinokukhubazeka kwengqondo, imbangela ayaziwa.
Ingabe ukukhubazeka kwengqondo kungavinjelwa?
Izimbangela ezithile zokukhubazeka kwengqondo ziyabonakala. Okuvame kakhulu kulezi yi-fetal alcohol syndrome. Abesifazane abakhulelwe akufanele baphuze utshwala. Ukuthola ukunakekelwa okufanele ngaphambi kokubeletha, ukuthatha ivithamini ngaphambi kokubeletha, nokugonyelwa izifo ezithile ezithathelwanayo nakho kunganciphisa ingozi yokuzalwa komntwana enokukhubazeka kwengqondo. Emindenini enomlando wezinkinga zofuzo, ukuhlolwa kofuzo okungacatshangwa kusengaphambili kungase kunconywe.
Ukuhlola okuthile, njenge-ultrasound ne-amniocentesis, kungase kwenziwe ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa ukuze kubhekwe izinkinga ezihlobene nokukhubazeka kwengqondo. Nokho lezi zivivinyo zingakwazi ukubona izinkinga ngaphambi kokuzalwa, azikwazi ukuzilungisa.