Pa Kukadzi 18, iyo International Asperger Syndrome Zuva. Kubva 2007, mapoka akabatwa uye masangano anofarira vanhu vane Asperger's Syndrome (AS) anotsvaga kuita kuti vanhu vazive hunhu hwevana ava, vechidiki nevakuru: kuziva kunzwisisa.
Musi waFebruary 18, 1906, Hans Asperger akazvarwa, chiremba wezvepfungwa weAustria uyo makore makumi manomwe apfuura akataura kekutanga pamusoro pehunhu hwehunhu hwakajairika kuboka revana uko kunetseka kwenzanga kwaive kwakakurumbira pakati pavo. Mumakore achangopfuura, vazhinji vanga vachifarira kudzidza zvakawanda nezvevanhu vane AS, asi kuchine zvakawanda zvekunzwisisa kwavo munharaunda.
Nhasi tinoziva kuti AS iri neurodevelopmental kusagadzikana kunowanikwa mukati me Autism Spectrum Kukanganiswa (TORCH). Uropi hwevanhu vane AS inoshanda zvakasiyana neyakajairwa uye izvi zvinovatungamira kuti vave nehunhu hwakawanda hunhu hunotsanangudza zvakazara Asperger's Syndrome (L. Wing, 1983):
- Kusava netsitsi.
- Naivety.
- Kudiki kugona kuita shamwari.
- Mitauro yekunyepedzera kana kudzokorora.
- Kutaurirana kusiri kwekutaura.
- Kunyanyisa kufarira mune dzimwe nyaya.
- Kusanzwisisika kwemota uye kubatana kwakashata.
Vanhu vane AS vane kugona kwepfungwa mukati mevhareji, Kazhinji. Chinhu chinowanzoitika ndechekutsvaga yakajairwa-yepakati kana yakajairwa-yakaderera yakazara IQ (ungwaru quotient). Zvakajairika kuona mhedzisiro iri nani mukutaura pane kugona kwekunyepera, sezvo kiriniki yakakosha yemitauro kusaonekwa muAS, kusiyana neAutistic Disorder (uko ungwaru hunowanzobatwa panguva imwe chete).
Vakomana nevasikana ava vane kuoma kwekuenda kune izere pamusoro pehuwandu. Izvi zvinoreva kuti uropi hwavo hunogona kuchengeta huwandu hwakawanda hwe data hwakanangana nehurukuro yakatarwa senge dinosaurs, jogirafi, nyeredzi, ruzivo rwemitambo, nezvimwe. Izvi zvakasarudzika zvinoratidza a kuomarara kwepfungwa zvinovatungamira kuti vave ne mashoma mashoma ezvaunofarira. Kugona kuchengeta huwandu hwakadai hwe data, muzviitiko zvakawanda kugona kwakanyanya kunofungidzirwa, zvisinei, kuwanda kweiyo yepamusoro IQ hakusi kukuru kupfuura muhuwandu hwehuwandu hwezera rayo.
Iko mukati meiyo pfungwa yenguva inogona kuchinjwa. Kukanganisa kwenguva ino kunoreva kuti mushure mekunge maawa akati apfuura, vanonzwa kuti maminetsi mashoma apfuura. Kusarongeka kwemunhu uye zvemagariro kurongeka zvinowedzerwa nehunhu uhu. Mune zvemagariro, semuenzaniso, zvemukati zvemukati zvakakosha, saka mukukurukurirana mupinduri anofanira kunge achikwanisa kuita nguva pakati pemibvunzo kana nhaurirano yakagadziridzwa kusvika pakukwanisa kwekunzwisisa nekushivirira kweanogamuchira. Iye munhu ane AS, nekusaona nguva nenzira imwecheteyo neyekupindirana uye kwete kupa kukosha kune zvenguva uye prosodic maficha anogona kusimbisa mhinduro kumibvunzo uye kuita kuti kutaura kuve kunoshatirisa kune kumwe.
MuAsperger's Syndrome mutauro unochengetedzwa mumamiriro akasarudzika (kuumbwa kwemitsara, kushandiswa kwemazwi, nezvimwewo), asi akachinjika mune pragmatic maficha. Pane kushandiswa zvisizvo pamafambiro emutauro. Izvo pragmatic zvinhu zvakakanganiswa muSA ndeizvi:
- Tendeuka kuti utaure: Kune matambudziko mukuremekedza kudzokedzana muhurukuro. Dzimwe nguva, mukomana kana musikana ane AS anotora chinzvimbo che protagonist wehurukuro, anopa izvo zvinotaurwa neumwe kana kunyepedzera kutaura, achiva mutauri wega. Kuomarara kwepfungwa uye kushomeka kwezvekufarira zvinowanzo shandura nhaurwa kuita nhaurwa imwechete yekufarira yakasarudzika kune munhu ane AS, inoenderana neimwe yenyaya dzavanofarira. Rudzi urwu rwekutaura runokanganiswawo nekusazivikanwa kwezviratidzo zvehurukuro, izvo zvinowanzo shanda seyakajeka mirau yekutaurirana. Iko kutaridzika, mataurirwo, kumbomira, nezvimwe. vanomaka shanduko kubva kuna "ndiani anotaura" kuenda kuna "anoteerera" uye zvinopesana. Nekusakwanisa kubata izvo zvakaisirwa zvinhu, mutauro unokombamira kune monologue unowanzoonekwa.
- Kutanga kwekukurukurirana: Kuoma kwemunhu ane AS kuti anzwisise mirau yemutauro inomutungamira kuti achinje musoro wehurukuro zvisina tsarukano, zvichibva pakutonga kwake. Shanduko dzinoerekana dzaitika mumisoro yekukurukura dzinogona kusagadzikana kune anenge achigamuchira, sezvo vachinzwa kushomeka kwekunzwira tsitsi mukutaurirana kwako.
- Mutauro wekufananidzira: Iko kushandiswa kwekusanzwisisa kana kudimikira hakuna kunzwisiswa nevana vane AS. Izvi zvinowanzoita kududzirwa chaiko kwemutauro, izvo zvinovatungamira kuti vapotse ruzivo rwakakodzera kubva mukutaurirana kana kunyangwe kusanzwisisa meseji yavanotumirwa nemumwe.
- Kujekesa: Kunetsekana kwekuzviisa munzvimbo yemumwe kunovatadzisa kuona kana iye anopindirana achinzwisisa zvavanoda kutsanangura kana kwete. Neichi chikonzero, iyi hurukuro yemonologistic inowanzo shandiswa.
Naizvozvo, isu tinokwanisa kucherechedza yakakwana kurongeka kutaura asi ine yakaipa pragmatics uye kazhinji yakaipa yakaipa prosody. Prosody inogona kunzwisiswa senzwi kana mutinhimira izvo vatauri vanopa mitsara kusimbisa zvazvinoreva uye zvinotungamira mukutaura manzwiro kuburikidza nezvakataurwa. Vanhu vane AS vane prosody isina kuchinjirwa kune mamiriro. Hunhu uhu kazhinji hunovaita kuti vaoneke se "vakachenjera" kana "vanofamba-famba," izvo zvinosimbiswa nekudzokororwa kwemamwe mazwi.
Padanho remuverengi, panowanikwa pane dzakawanda nguva a hyperlexia, iyo inogona kunzwisiswa seicho chinoshamisa chinzvimbo chekuverenga zvine mutsindo asi chakabatanidzwa kune akaderera kwazvo nhanho dzekuverenga kunzwisisa. Zvakare isu tinoratidzira maitiro emitauro uye kuverenga zvakachengetedzwa zvakazara asi ndizvo zvinhu zvine chekuita nekutora kweicho chirevo chinoratidza shanduko.
Kucherechedzwa kwekushomeka zviratidzo zvakajairika muvana vane AS. Panyaya yevana ava, isu tinoona kuti kushomeka kwekutarisirwa kunowanzo sangana sei nemamiriro ekudyidzana kwevanhu uye kwete zvakanyanya kune zvedzidzo zvinhu kana hupenyu hwezuva nezuva (mutsauko neADHD). Zvakajairika kushayikwa kwekutarisa kune zvemagariro kana mamiriro ezvinhu kuvatungamira kuti vasiye kufarira kwavari, nepo mune mamwe mamiriro ane chekuita nenyaya dzavanofarira vangangoramba vakatarisa zvakanyanya.
Pakave nekuferefetwa kwakawanda kwakanangana nekutsvaga chikonzero chekuonekwa kwehunhu uhwu, zvisinei, hatigone kugamuchira dzidziso imwechete inotsanangura yega kusiyana kwevanhu ava. Nhasi tinoziva kuti pane shanduko dzakasiyana dzinotitendera kuti tinzwisise kuomarara kweAS.
Shanduko muPfungwa dzePfungwa:
Dzidziso yeMupfungwa chivakwa chechirevo, zvinoenderana nevanhu vanokwanisa kuona mifungo nekunzwa kwevezera redu. Kana paine shanduko mukugona uku, hunyanzvi hwedu hwemagariro hwakakanganiswa zvakanyanya, nekuti kugona kuzviisa munzvimbo yeumwe kwakadzikira zvakanyanya. Izvi ndizvo zvinoitika kuvana vane AS, zvisinei, sezvo paine kukwana kwakakwana kweanonzwisisa (ungwaru huri mukati meavhareji tsika), mune zvese ivo vanoda kutanga hukama nevamwe. Ivo vanokwanisa kuziva izvo izvo mumwe munhu anofunga, asi zvakavaomera zvikuru kuti vaise ruzivo irworwo mukushandisa, sezvo ivo vasingazvipe iko kukosha kwarinoita mumunda wehukama nevamwe. Uku kunetseka munharaunda kunowanzoitika nemanzwiro ekusagadzikana uye kusurukirwa. Iko hakuna kurambwa kwevamwe, asi kunetsekana muhukama navo.
Shanduko muMabasa Ekumusoro:
Iwo Executive Mabasa ari mukutarisira kwekudzora yakaoma maitiro epfungwa zvakafanira kuronga, kuronga, kutungamira, kugadzirisa uye kuyedza maitiro atinofanira kutevedzera kuzadzisa zvinangwa. Aya mabasa akabatanidzwa neremberi lobe. Iko kuchinjika munzvimbo ino yakakosha yeuropi kunotsanangura zvimwe zvehunhu hwakajairika muvanhu vane AS: kuomarara kwepfungwa, kunetseka mukutarisana nemamiriro ezvinhu matsva, zvido zvishoma, hunhu husingaite uye kusagadzikana kwekutarisa.
Kuvhiringidzika kwekusanzwisisika kwekunzwa:
Uku kusarongeka kunogadzirwa neshanduko yeiyo neurological mune inosimudzira yekugadzirisa system. Uku kunetseka kunogona kuratidzirwa se hyposensitivity kana yakaderera kugona kupindura kana kuchinjika kune zvinokonzeresa zvinouya kubva mukunzwa kana se hypersensitivity kune zvinokanganisa kukurudzira. Kuvhiringidzika mukusanzwisisika kwekunzwa kunotsanangura hunhu hwatinowanzo tarisa kune vanhu vane AS, senge: kusagadzikana mukutarisana nemheremhere yezuva nezuva kana kudzivirirwa kwenzvimbo dzinosanganiswa ruzha (supamaketi, nzvimbo dzevaraidzo ...), kudzivirira kubatwa zvisingatarisirwi, kudzivisa zvakanyanya zvimwe zvekudya (nekuda kwehunhu kana hwema hwazvo), nezvimwe.
Kuonekwa kwekuora mwoyo kana kunetseka zviratidzo chinhu chinowanzoitika kune vanhu vane AS, kuvapo mu37% yevechiri kuyaruka nevakuru (Ghaziuddin et al, 1998). Izvo zvinhu zvinoita kuti vanhu ava vatambure kubva kune comorbid psychiatric zviratidzo senge kushushikana kana kushushikana hazvisati zvanyatsonzwisiswa. Tsvagurudzo yazvino inoita kunge inowana hukama pakati pezviratidzo izvi nemaitiro ekuenzanisa munharaunda (Hedley et al, 2006). Kubva muAsperger's Syndrome Chido chekudyidzana nevamwe chakachengetedzwa, asi chakabatanidzwa kumatambudziko akakomba muhunyanzvi hwemagariroIsu tinowana vanhu vanoziva kunetseka kwavo munharaunda uye kana vachienzanisa mhando yehukama hwavo nevamwe, vanoona mhedzisiro yakaipa inowanikwa mukuenzanisa uku nenzira yakaipa uye yekusiya zvachose.
Kuziva zvishoma zvishoma nezve hunhu hweAsperger's Syndrome kunotibatsira kunzwisisa vanhu ava. Kuti uvanzwisise ndezvekutiita kuti tizive kuti ganhuriro dzenzanga dzinoonekwa dzinogona kuita kuti kutaura kwavo kuve kwakasiyana asi kwete kwechikonzero ichocho kuchimira kupfuma, kuzere nerevo uye kunyange kunzwa. Nzira dzekuratidzira manzwiro dzakasiyana mumunhu mumwe nemumwe, uyezve mazviri zvakare. Ipa kuoneka kune akasiyana icho chinangwa chekuti XNUMXst century century nzanga inofanira kuzvimisikidza seyakakosha.