Lokacin samartaka shine lokacin de rayuwar da yara ke zama manya. Yana tsakanin balaga, fahimta a matsayin lokacin da na farko canjin jiki, da kuma cin nasarar balaga cikin al'umma, ko kuma samun alhakin shari'a.
A lokacin samartaka, ba wai kawai jiki da bayyanar jiki ke canzawa ba, amma kuma muna shaida samun sababbin iyawa dangane da da dangantaka da kuma a hankali da haɓaka balagagge mai tasiri mai tasiri.
Balaga yana wakiltar, don haka, tsarin sake haifuwa wanda ya shafi jiki da tunani da que yana tsammanin sauyi (ba koyaushe a hankali ba) daga rashin balaga da dogaro da zamantakewa na yara zuwa 'yancin kai na rayuwar manya. Amma yaushe ne wannan zangon rayuwa zai fara? A wane shekaru ne samartaka ke farawa? Kuma waɗanne canje-canje ya kamata mu yi tsammani?
Yaushe ake fara samartaka?
Babu shekarun da aka riga aka kayyade kuma daidai gwargwado ga kowa da kowa haka kuma akwai bambance-bambance a cikin shekarun fara samartaka tsakanin maza da mata. Ga yara maza, alamun farko na canjin jiki (girman ƙwayaye da azzakari, gashin baƙar fata da kuma hammata) suna farawa. tsakanin shekara 9 zuwa 14.
Yayin da, a daya bangaren, samartaka a cikin mata (alamar farkon balaga ita ce haɓakawa a cikin rubutu tare da nono, maɓallin nono), yana faruwa a matsakaici. kusan shekaru 10, amma ba kafin 8 ko mafi yawa ba cikin 13. Bayan wannan kashi na farko, a cikin watanni masu zuwa, za mu shaidi ci gaban gashi a hankali, wanda zai fara bayyana a cikin pubis sannan kuma a cikin yanki. Bayyanar warin gumi o na kananan granites Har ila yau, wani ɓangare ne na wannan lokaci na canje-canje kuma zai iya bayyana ko da shekara guda kafin ci gaban da maɓallin nono a cikin mata da kuma girman ɗigon al'aura a cikin maza.
Amma tsawon wane lokaci ne wannan lokacin? Ko da yake yana da sauƙi a nuna shekarun farkon samartaka, har yanzu muna da rashin tabbas game da wa'adin sa. Daga ra'ayi na zahiri, samartaka ya ƙare kusan tsakanin shekara 18 zuwa 20Duk da haka, babu yarjejeniya game da shekarun da wannan mataki na rayuwa ya ƙare, tun da yake wasu ma wajibi ne a yi la'akari da nasarar da aka samu. 'yancin kai na tattalin arziki na yaro ko yarinya da aka kai, duk da haka, da yawa daga baya.
Menene canje-canjen samartaka?
Ga iyaye, alamun hakan wani abu yana canzawa a cikin danka ko ɗiyarka galibi suna da alaƙa da ɗabi'a, tunda sau da yawa sukan sami kansu suna hulɗa da yaran da (wani lokaci) a wani lokaci ba su daina. gane . Duk da haka, jiki ma yana canzawa kuma ana haifar da sauye-sauye daban-daban, kamar rage sautin murya ko bayyanar gashi a cikin hannaye da yanki.
Ta haka ne ake siffanta samartaka sauye-sauyen jiki masu yawa amma mafi girman juyi shi ne wanda ya faru a cikinsa kwakwalwa . Nazarin da aka gudanar ta amfani da aikin maganadisu ya nuna cewa a cikin wannan lokacin kwakwalwa ta fi filastik kuma tana samun sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci.
Amma bari mu je mataki-mataki mu gani daidai me ke faruwa da jikin matashin . Ga maza da mata canje-canje suna tafiya daban-daban, don haka yana da kyau a bambanta canjin jiki na samartaka a cikin maza da mata.
Ga wasu masana, a zahiri, lokacin da aka sami 'yancin kai na tattalin arziƙi (shiga cikin duniyar aiki) dole ne kuma a yi la'akari da shi, wanda galibi yakan faru a baya fiye da na baya.
Canje-canje a cikin kwakwalwar samari
Amma, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, juyin juya hali mai girma shi ne wanda ya faru a cikin mente na matashi . Kwakwalwa wata gabo ce da ke canzawa a duk tsawon rayuwa, amma mafi mahimmancin canje-canje na faruwa a takamaiman lokuta guda biyu na ci gaba:
- a lokacin kwanaki dubu na farko na rayuwa, lokacin da ake samun haɗin kai mai yawa (cibiyar sadarwa na synaptic) tsakanin ƙwayoyin kwakwalwa (neurons) da sassa daban-daban na kwakwalwa, tsari wanda shine tushen koyo.
- a lokacin samartaka.
Babban halayyar kwakwalwar samari ita ce ikonta na canzawa don mayar da martani ga yanayin kuma ana samun hakan ta hanyar gyara yanayin. hanyoyin sadarwar sadarwa masu haɗa sassan kwakwalwa daban-daban. Babban sake fasalin kwakwalwa na biyu yana faruwa a lokacin samartaka, wanda aka fi sani da pruning : wato duk abin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba a lokacin ƙuruciya an kawar da shi. Pruning yana rinjayar abubuwan muhallin iyali kuma yana haifar da ƙarin alaƙa masu dacewa ta amfani da ma'aunin "amfani da shi ko rasa shi". Abin da, a cikin mahallin da yaron yake zaune, ana la'akari da mahimmanci da mahimmanci, maimakon haka an ƙarfafa shi ta hanyar ƙirƙirar sababbin haɗin gwiwa.
Yi nazari da amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya
La sadarwa mai sauri tsakanin sassa daban-daban na kwakwalwa da aka samar ta wannan hanya yana ba da damar a mafi kyawun iya yin nazari kuma kiyaye ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Madaidaici da ingancin ginin haɗin gwiwar yana tabbatar da ingancin koyo..
Koyaya, wannan filastik na musamman Takobi ne mai kaifi biyu, domin idan a daya bangaren zai baiwa samari damar daukar manyan matakai na tunani, tunani da zamantakewa, a daya bangaren kuma wannan nassi yana sanya su cikin hatsarin kamuwa da munanan halaye.
Wannan shi ne saboda tsarin kwakwalwar da ke fuskantar mafi girma canje-canje a lokacin samartaka su ne waɗanda ke sarrafawa neman lada, da dangantaka y halaye na tsari. Amma menene duk wannan yake nufi? Kwakwalwarmu ta ƙunshi tsari guda biyu: ɓangaren da ke sarrafa ilhami da motsin rai (tsarin limbic) da kuma ɓangaren da ke sa mu fahimci yadda za mu sarrafa waɗannan. ilhami / motsin rai don nisanta daga matsala (tsarin prefrontal cortex ko tsarin tsari).
A lokacin samartaka yana faruwa cewa tsarin biyu kada ku haɓaka lokaci guda, amma da farko ya balaga kuma yana ƙarfafa tsarin limbic, ilhami da tsarin tunanin da aka ƙarfafa a wannan shekarun. , yayin da prefrontal cortex ke girma a hankali kuma wannan maturation ɗin yana ƙarewa kwanan nan. zuwa shekaru 20 (wani lokaci har zuwa shekaru 24).
halayen haɗari
Matasa sukan yi halaye marasa hankali da haɗari, daya bayyanar tunani gajeriyar kewayon kuma yana da alaƙa da matsin lamba na tsara (misali, tsayawa akan hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa, ƙarfin ƙarfin jirgin da motsi shi kaɗai a cikin minti na ƙarshe, gwaji tare da barasa da kwayoyi, gwaji tare da sexo ba tare da kula da kare kansu daga cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i ko ciki maras so ba; Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda buƙatar bincika sabbin yanayi ba a tsara shi sosai ta hanyar haushi prefrontal har yanzu bai cika ba.
Fahimtar tsarin halitta na ci gaban kwakwalwa yana taimaka mana mu fahimci cewa ɗaukar haɗari, neman abin sha'awa, da janyewar iyaye daga takwarorinsu ba alamun fahimi ko matsalolin tunani ba ne, amma suna cikin girma. A haƙiƙa, samartaka na ɗaya daga cikin matakan rayuwa tare da mafi girma m m . Godiya ga tsarin gyaran gyare-gyare na kwakwalwa da damuwa na hormonal, tunani, a cikin wannan lokacin rayuwa, ban da kasancewa mai karfi ga bincike, tare da hadarin da ke haifar da shi, yana da tsayin ƙarfinsa na fahimta wanda ke tasowa da haɓakawa. kerawa. Kuma daidai wannan canji ne ke haifar da tambayar duk abin da aka sani kuma aka samu jin 'yanci zama wani abu dabam.