Izilo ngaphansi kombhede, umbani nokuduma kwezulu, ubumnyama. Bonke abantwana babhekana nokwesaba kobuntwana , kungaba ngezinto zangempela noma ezicatshangwayo. Njengoba bekhula, ukukhathazeka kwabo kuyanda: ukujwayelana nontanga yabo , ukwenza kahle esikoleni , noma ukugqama kwezemidlalo . Iningi labazali liyakwazi ukududuza izingane zabo futhi linciphise ukwesaba kwazo, kodwa kwezinye izimo, ukukhathazeka kuyayeka ukuba yinto evamile futhi kube yisifo.
Ingane eyodwa yenqaba ukudla ngoba yesaba ukuminyana; enye yesaba izilwane; intombazanyana yenqaba ukuya esikoleni ngoba yesaba ukuba kude nonina usuku lonke. Ngenhlanhla, abazali banezinsiza ezahlukahlukene ezitholakalayo zokusiza izingane zabo ukuthi zilawule ukukhathazeka.
“Ukukhathazeka kuyingxenye yenqubo yokukhula nokuvuthwa,” kusho uMarie Cumming, isazi sezokwelapha imindeni nemishado eWaterloo, eCanada. “Kuyinto evamile futhi kunempilo ukuthi izingane zikhathazeke kancane, ngoba kubanika amathuluzi okubhekana nezinselele . Ukwethuka ngaphambi kokulingisa emdlalweni wesikole noma ukuthatha isivivinyo esibalulekile kushukumisa izingane ukuba zizame kanzima futhi zenze konke okusemandleni azo .”
Ukukhathazeka okuncane kusiza ekwakheni ubuntu futhi kuveze izinselele izingane ezingafunda kuzo. Kodwa-ke, kukhona nokukhathazeka okubangela ukucindezeleka, esikhundleni sokunikeza inselelo. Ingane enokukhathazeka okunjalo ayikwazi ukubhekana nalokho ekwesabayo; isibonelo, ifindo esiswini sayo liyivimbela ukuba iphume emotweni ngaphambi nje komdlalo webhola obalulekile. Izingane ezihlushwa lolu hlobo lokukhathazeka zidinga usizo olwengeziwe kunabanye (futhi mhlawumbe nosizo lwesazi sokusebenza kwengqondo kwezingane).
Ngesikhathi eseyingane, u-Amanda Sprague* wayenamathela kubazali bakhe eduze kwabantu angabazi, elala umnyango wakhe uvuliwe futhi iphasishi likhanya, futhi wayesaba izinambuzane. Abazali bakhe babecabanga ukuthi, esemdala, akukho nokukodwa kwalokho okwakungavamile. “Kodwa lapho eqala isikole, ukukhathazeka kwakhe kwanda futhi kwanda ,” kusho uLaura,* unina. Lapho kufika isiphepho, intombazanyana yayizifihla embhedeni, ikhungathekile ngenxa yokwesaba, futhi ngesinye isikhathi, lapho ibona amaphela amabili ophahleni lwekamelo layo lokulala, yagijima imemeza futhi yenqaba ukulala lapho futhi.
Ukudla nakho kwambangela ukukhathazeka okukhulu, njengoba ayesaba ukuminza. Lapho eneminyaka eyisishiyagalombili ubudala, ngolunye usuku wayeka ukudla . “Wathi wayengakwazi ukugwinya nokuthi kukhona okubambeke emphinjeni wakhe,” kulandisa uLaura. “Udokotela wethu wakhipha isinqumo sokuthi wayenesifo, futhi i-X-ray yabonisa ukuthi wayengenaso isifo somzimba.” U-Amanda wayecindezeleke kakhulu kangangokuthi umphimbo wakhe wawuvalekile, okwamvimbela ukuthi agwinye.
Ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, u-Amanda waqala ukwesaba kakhulu ukufa . Ngesikhathi sokulala, wayememeza ngoba ezwa ukuthi inhliziyo yakhe iyashaya ngamandla. Wabe esengeniswa esibhedlela, lapho kwatholakala khona ukuthi unesifo sokukhathazeka esivamile.
Indaba ka-Amanda inzima kakhulu, kodwa iyisibonelo senkinga enkulu ebhekene nezingane eziningi kanye nentsha. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi iphesenti elikhulu lezingane lihlushwa uhlobo oluthile lwesifo sokukhathazeka, kanti ezinye zibhekana nezinkinga ezilinganiselwe . Ngokuvamile, izingane zihlupheka buthule ngoba aziqondi ukuthi kwenzekani kuzo noma azikwazi ukuchaza imizwa yazo. Abazali, bona, bangase bangakunaki ukukhathazeka kwezingane zabo, bakunciphise, noma bachaze kabi izimpawu, njengoba izingane zibonisa ukukhathazeka ngezindlela ezahlukene; isibonelo, ngokubonisa amahloni ngokweqile , ukucasuka , ngisho nokungalaleli.
“ Ukutholwa kusenesikhathi kubalulekile. Ukukhathazeka okungapheli kungaholela ekuzethembeni okuphansi, ukungazethembi, ukucindezeleka, ubunzima bokwakha ubudlelwano obuhle, ngisho nokuzibulala ezinganeni,” kusho uBarbara Ward, isisebenzi sezenhlalakahle kanye nomqondisi ohlangene we-kidsLink, isikhungo sezempilo yengqondo yezingane esiseSaint Agatha, eCanada. Ukukhathazeka okungavamile ngesikhathi sobuntwana kwandisa amathuba okuphazamiseka ngokomzwelo nezinkinga zokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa lapho umuntu esemdala.
Ukwesaba Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo: Yini Ongayilindela Ngeminyaka yobudala
Kuvamile ukuthi ukwesaba okujwayelekile kwesigaba ngasinye kuvele ngesikhathi sokukhula. Ezinganeni izimpendulo emisindweni ephezulu nokulahlekelwa ukwesekwa ziyabonakala. Phakathi kwe Izinyanga ezi-6 nezine, ukwesaba abantu ongabazi nokuhlukaniswa nezibalo zokunamathiselwe kuvela. Ku izingane zasenkulisa, umcabango uyanda futhi novalo luyaphakama ubumnyama, izilo y izidalwa kumnandi. e iminyaka yesikole, ukwesaba okucatshangelwayo kuyancipha futhi kuvela okungokoqobo: limaza, izivunguvungu, imililo o izifo. e intsha kanye nentsha ukubusa kakhulu ukwesaba komphakathi (okuhlekisayo, ukukhuluma esidlangalaleni, ukulinganisa kontanga), i ukusebenza kwezemfundo nokukhathazeka mayelana ukungabi nabulungisa o izehlakalo ezimbi.
Lokhu kwesaba kuvame ukuba okwesikhashana futhi kuphele ngokusekelwa umndeni. Kuba ukukhathazeka lapho kuba nzima kakhulu , kuphikelela , noma kuphazamisa imikhuba yansuku zonke njengokuya esikoleni, ukulala wedwa, noma ukuxhumana nezinye izingane.
Nini ukukhuluma ngama-phobias nokukhathazeka kokukhathazeka
Ukwesaba ukwesaba okukhulu nokungenangqondo okuholela ekugwemeni futhi kubangele ukucindezeleka okukhulu. Phakathi kokwesaba okuvame kakhulu ebuntwaneni nasebusheni yilezi:
- Ukukhathazeka ngokwehlukana: ukwesaba okungenasisekelo kokuhlukaniswa nabanakekeli, nge ukwenqaba esikoleni, ukungakhululeki okulindelekile, intukuthelo y izimpawu zomzimba (ubuhlungu besisu, isicanucanu). Ngokuvamile qinisa ekuseni noma ngobusuku bangaphambi kwesikole futhi uthuthuke ngezimpelasonto noma ngamaholide.
- ama-phobias athile (izilwane, ubumnyama, izivunguvungu, imijovo yegazi-umonakalo): dubula ukukhathazeka ngokushesha kanye nokugwema. Ucingo i-phobia yesikole Kusho ukwenqaba ukuya esikhungweni ngenxa yezimo noma abantu abahlobene naso.
- I-social phobia: ukukhathazeka ezimeni lapho ingane yesaba zihlolwe noma uzenze isilima. Ingakhawulela abangane, ukubamba iqhaza kwekilasi y imisebenzi.
- I-Generalized Anxiety Disorder: ukukhathazeka ngokweqile nokuphikelela ngezihloko eziningi (isikole, imvume yomphakathi), nge ukulala, ukungaphatheki kahle y izikhalazo ze-somatic.
- Ukuhlaselwa ukwethuka: izinkinga ezingalindelekile nge tachycardia, ukuthuthumela, ukuphelelwa umoya y ukwesaba ukulahlekelwa ukulawula, okungaholela ekugwemeni ukuphuma ngenxa yokwesaba enye inkinga.
- I-Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): ukuthatheka (imicabango ephazamisayo) kanye impoqo (imikhuba yokudambisa ukukhathazeka), njengokuwasha ngokuphindaphindiwe noma ukuhlola, okudla isikhathi futhi kuphazamise ukusebenza kwesikole futhi ajwayelekile.
- Ukucindezeleka kwangemva kokuhlukumezeka: ngemva kwesenzakalo esibuhlungu esiqondile noma esibonwe, zingase zivele okuhlangenwe nakho kabusha (ama-flashbacks, amaphupho amabi), i-hyperalert, ukugwema kanye nezinguquko zokuziphatha. Impendulo ilungiswa ngu ukusabela kwabazali, lo ukusondela komcimbi futhi i iminyaka yengane.
Izimpawu eziyisixwayiso nendlela yokuzibona
Qaphela uma ukwesaba kwengane yakho: kuqhubeka ngale kwesigaba sokukhula esilindelekile , kunamandla kakhulu , kubangela ukucasuka , noma kuholela ekugwemeni imisebenzi ebalulekile (esikoleni, ukulala wedwa , noma ukuxhumana nezinye izingane). Futhi, qaphela uma izimpawu zomzimba zivela ngaphandle kwesizathu sezokwelapha (ubuhlungu besisu, ukushaya kwenhliziyo okusheshayo, isiyezi), uma ukungakhululeki kubi kakhulu ngaphambi kwesikole futhi kuthuthuka ngesikhathi samaholide, noma uma kukhona ukuzihlukanisa nabantu kanye nezinguquko ezisheshayo ekusebenzeni noma ekuziphatheni.
Esikoleni, ngemva kwezimo ezibucayi ezithinta umphakathi, othisha bangahlela izikhala ezifanele iminyaka yabo ukuze baveze imibono yabo: bakhulume ngalokho okubonwe nokuzwiwe, babhale noma badwebe futhi babelane ngeqembu, njalo endaweni eseduze nejwayelekile futhi besebenzisana nemindeni.
Lokho abazali abangakwenza: iziqondiso ezisebenzayo
- Lalela futhi uqinisekise: Chaza ukuthi izingane eziningi zizwa ukwesaba nokuthi, ngokusekelwa, liyanqotshwa.
- ukuchayeka kancane kancane: usizo lokubhekana nesisusa esesabekayo kancane kancane (isb., ukuya esikoleni ngokuhlala kuqala isikhashana, bese unciphisa ukuba khona kamuva). Ukuvalelisa okufushane nokungaguquguquki; ufike ngesikhathi ukuze uthathwe.
- Ungahleki noma ucindezelwe: gwema amalebula noma ukuhlekwa; isibindi siyaqeqeshwa kancane kancane.
- Sula imizila nemikhawulo: amashejuli angabikezelwa ukunciphisa ukukhathazeka. Lawula ukusetshenziswa kwe izikrini nemifanekiso ephazamisayo futhi ukhetha amafilimu ezingane ezifundisayo.
- Gwema ukuqinisa ukugwema: Ungafaki isikole esikhundleni somfundisi ozimele ukuze “ugweme ukucindezeleka”; lokho okungamahlalakhona inkinga.
- Dumisa intuthuko: Qinisekisa noma yisiphi isinyathelo esinesibindi, ngisho nesincane; ungasebenzisa imivuzo elula.
- Ukumodela: umbukiso ikhola lapho sibhekene nezimo ezesatshwayo futhi nizilolonge ndawonye uphefumula y Ukuphumula.
- Lungiselela izinguquko: Vakashela isikole esisha noma inkulisa kusengaphambili; chaza izinqubo zezokwelapha ngolimi olulula futhi uthembekile.
Ukwelashwa okusebenzayo kanye ne-prognosis
Ukwelashwa kokuziphatha kwengqondo (i-CBT) kuyindlela yokuqala yokwelapha ukwesaba nokukhathazeka ebuntwaneni. Ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa imfundo yengqondo , ukuchayeka kancane kancane esikhuthazweni esesabekayo (ngokufanelekile emzimbeni ), ukumodela kwabahlanganyeli , ukuzivocavoca kokuphefumula , kanye, ezinganeni ezindala, ukuhlelwa kabusha kwemicabango ebangela ukwesaba . Abazali bahilelekile ngenkuthalo ukusiza ukukhulisa intuthuko ekhaya nasesikoleni.
Ezimweni lapho i-CBT inganele, kukhona ukugula okukhulu, noma ukucindezeleka kuyawohloza, uchwepheshe angase acabangele imithi isikhathi esilinganiselwe, njengemithi yokucindezeleka enciphisa ukukhathazeka nokwesaba . Ama-Benzodiazepine angasetshenziswa njengoba kudingeka ngesikhathi sezinkinga, njalo ngaphansi kokuqashwa kwezokwelapha. Ukuxhumana nesikole kanye nokuqhubeka kokwelashwa ngokuchayeka kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukubuyela emuva.
Isibikezelo ngokuvamile siyasiza ngokutholwa kusenesikhathi , ukungenelela okusekelwe ebufakazini, kanye nokubandakanyeka komndeni kanye nesikole. Uma kungelashwa, kunengozi yokuthi kube yinto engapheli futhi ikhule ibe ezinye izinkinga zokukhathazeka noma zemizwa.
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Kuyaqhubeka Ekwesabeni Kwabantwana (Ingxenye II)
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi iningi lokwesaba kwasebuntwaneni liyingxenye evamile yentuthuko kanye nethuba lokufunda amasu okubhekana nezimo. Ngokuba khona okuzolile , imingcele eqhubekayo, kanye nosizo lochwepheshe lapho kudingeka, izingane zingaguqula ukwesaba kube ukuzethemba futhi zithole kabusha injabulo yokuphila kwansuku zonke.
