NgoFebhuwari 18, i- Usuku Lomhlaba Wonke lwe-Asperger. Kusukela ngo-2007, amaqembu nezinhlangano ezithintekile ezithanda abantu abane-Asperger's Syndrome (AS) bafuna ukwenza umphakathi wazi ngezimpawu zalezi zingane, intsha kanye nabantu abadala: bazi ukuqonda.
NgoFebhuwari 18, 1906, kwazalwa uHans Asperger, udokotela wezifo zengqondo wase-Austrian okwathi eminyakeni engama-70 eyedlule wakhuluma okokuqala ngqa ngochungechunge lwezici ezivamile eqenjini lezingane lapho ubunzima bezenhlalo kwakuyinto enkulu evamile phakathi kwabo. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, abaningi bebenentshisekelo yokufunda kabanzi ngabantu abane-AS, kepha kusenokuningi kokuqonda kwabo emphakathini.
Namuhla siyazi ukuthi i-AS yisifo se-neurodevelopmental disorder esitholakala ngaphakathi kwe- Ukuphazamiseka kwe-Autism Spectrum (ITORCH). Ubuchopho babantu abane-AS basebenza ngokuhlukile kunokujwayelekile futhi lokhu kubaholela ekubeni nochungechunge lwezici ezivamile ezichaza kabanzi i-Asperger's Syndrome (L. Wing, 1983):
- Ukungabi nozwela.
- UNaivety.
- Amandla amancane okwenza abangane.
- Ulimi oluhamba ngonyawo noma oluphindaphindwayo.
- Ukuxhumana okungekuhle ngamazwi.
- Intshisekelo eyeqile ezihlokweni ezithile.
- Ukuxakeka kwezimoto nokuxhumana okungahambi kahle.
Abantu abane-AS bane- amandla obuhlakani ngaphakathi kwesilinganiso, Ezimweni eziningi. Into ejwayelekile ukuthola i-IQ ejwayelekile ephakathi nendawo noma ejwayelekile ephansi (intelligence quotient). Kujwayelekile ukubona imiphumela engcono ngokwamazwi kunekhono lokukhohlisa, ngoba ukuphazamiseka kolimi okubalulekile emtholampilo akuveli ku-AS, ngokungafani ne-Autistic Disorder (lapho ubuhlakani buvame ukuthinteka ngasikhathi sinye).
Laba bafana namantombazane bane- ubunzima bokubamba yonke imininingwane. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ubuchopho babo bungagcina inani elikhulu lemininingwane ehlobene nesihloko esithile njengama-dinosaurs, i-geography, i-astronomy, imininingwane yezemidlalo, njll. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kuveza a ukuqina kwengqondo okuholela ekutheni babe ne- izilinganiso ezilinganiselwe zezintshisekelo. Ukwazi ukugcina inani elikhulu kangaka ledatha, ezimweni eziningi kusolwa amandla aphakeme, kepha imvamisa ye-IQ ephezulu ayikhudlwana kunenani labantu elijwayelekile ngeminyaka yalo.
Ukufakwa ngaphakathi komqondo wesikhathi kungashintshwa. Lokhu kuphazamiseka kwesikhashana kusho ukuthi ngemuva kwamahora amaningi kudlulile, banomuzwa wokuthi kudlule imizuzu embalwa kuphela. Inhlangano engeyinhle yomuntu neyenhlalo yenziwa yisisulu salesi sici. Emkhakheni wezenhlalo, ngokwesibonelo, izici zesikhashana zibalulekile, ngakho-ke engxoxweni umuntu okhulumisana naye kufanele akwazi ukwenza izikhawu phakathi kwemibuzo noma izingxoxo ezilungiswe kumandla wokuqonda nokubekezela komamukeli. Umuntu one-AS, ngokungaboni isikhathi ngendlela efanayo ne-interlocutor futhi enganiki ukubaluleka kwezici zesikhashana neze-prosodic, angagcina impendulo yemibuzo ingapheli futhi enze inkulumo ithukuthelise omunye.
Ku-Asperger's Syndrome ulimi lugcinwa ngezici ezisemthethweni (ukwakheka kwemisho, ukusetshenziswa kwamagama, njll.), kepha ushintshiwe ezicini ze-pragmatic. Kukhona ukusetshenziswa kabi ekuziphatheni kolimi. Izici ezi-pragmatic ezithintekayo e-SA yilezi:
- Isikhathi sokukhuluma: Kunobunzima ekuhlonipheni ukuphindaphinda engxoxweni. Kwesinye isikhathi, umfana noma intombazane ene-AS uthatha indima yokuba ngumlingiswa oyinhloko wengxoxo, ahambisane nalokho okushiwo omunye noma azenze ngathi akushoyo, abe yisikhulumi esikhethekile. Ubulukhuni bengqondo nobubanzi obunqunyelwe bezintshisakalo kuvame ukuguqula ingxoxo iye esihlokweni esisodwa sentshisekelo esihlukile kumuntu one-AS, esihlobene nesinye sezihloko abazithandayo. Okunye okuthonya lolu hlobo lwenkulumo ukungazikhombisi kahle izinkomba zezingxoxo, ezivame ukusebenza njengemithetho engagunci yezingxoxo. Ukubukeka, iphimbo, ikhefu, njll. bamaka ushintsho olusuka kokuthi "okhuluma" luye "olalelayo" futhi ngokufanayo. Ngokungakwazi ukuqonda izici ezifakiwe, ulimi oluvame ukubheka umuntu oyedwa luvela kaningi.
- Ukuqala kwengxoxo: Ubunzima bomuntu one-AS ukuqonda imithetho ebekiwe yolimi kumholela ekushintsheni isihloko sengxoxo ngokungafanele, ngokususelwa ekwahluleleni kwakhe. Lezi zinguquko ezingazelelwe ezihlokweni zengxoxo zingangakhululeki kumamukeli, njengoba bezizwa beqhubeka nokuntula uzwela engxoxweni yakho.
- Ulimi olungokomfanekiso: Ukusetshenziswa kwendida noma isingathekiso akuqondakali neze ngezingane ezine-AS. Lokhu kuthambekele ekutolikeni ngokoqobo kolimi, okuholela ekutheni baphuthelwe imininingwane efanelekile engxoxweni noma bangaqondi umyalezo othunyelwa omunye.
- Ukucaciswa: Ubunzima bokuzibeka endaweni yomunye bubavimba ekuboneni ukuthi ngabe lowo oxhumana naye uyakuqonda yini lokho abafuna ukukuchaza. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, le nkulumo ye-monologistic isetshenziswa kaningi.
Ngakho-ke, singabona inkulumo efanelekile efanelekile kepha kube nama-pragmatics amabi kanye ne-prosody emibi njalo. I-Prosody ingaqondakala njengephimbo noma isigqi izikhulumi ezinikeza imisho ukugcizelela incazelo yazo futhi kuholele ekuvezeni imizwa ngalokho okushiwoyo. Abantu abane-AS bane-prosody engahambiselwanga nomongo. Lesi sici kaningi sibenza babonakale "behlakaniphile" noma "behamba ngezinyawo," okuqiniswa ukusetshenziswa okuphindaphindwayo kwamagama athile.
Ezingeni lomfundi, kuvela kaningi a i-hyperlexia, engaqondakala njengaleyo khono lokufunda okungajwayelekile kepha exhumene namazinga aphansi kakhulu wokuqonda ukufunda. Futhi sigqamisa ukuthi izinhlobo zolimi nokufundwa zigcinwa kanjani ngokuphelele kepha yizici ezihlobene nokutholwa kwencazelo ephelele ekhombisa ukuguqulwa.
Izimpawu zokushoda kokunaka zivamile ezinganeni ezine-AS. Endabeni yalezi zingane, sibheka ukuthi ukunganakwa kuvame ukuxhumeka kanjani ezimweni zokuxhumana nabantu hhayi kangako ezicini zezifundo noma impilo yansuku zonke (umehluko ne-ADHD). Kujwayelekile ukuthi lokhu kunganakwa kwezinhlaka zomphakathi noma izimo eziholele ekutheni ziyeke intshisekelo kuzo, kanti kwezinye izimo ezihlobene nezihloko ezizithandayo zingahlala zigxile kakhulu.
Kube khona uphenyo oluningi olugxile ekutholeni isizathu sokuvela kwalezi zici, kodwa-ke, asikwazi ukwamukela inkolelo eyodwa echaza yodwa ukwehluka kwalaba bantu. Namuhla siyazi ukuthi kunezinguquko ezahlukahlukene ezisivumela ukuthi siqonde ubunzima be-AS.
Ukuguqulwa Komqondo Wengqondo:
Ithiyori Yengqondo iyakhiwe ngokwethiyori, ngokusho kwabantu abangakwazi ukubona imicabango nemizwa yontanga yethu. Uma kuba nokushintshwa kuleli khono, amakhono ethu kwezenhlalo alinyazwa kakhulu, ngoba ikhono lokuzibeka endaweni yelinye linciphe kakhulu. Lokhu kwenzeka ezinganeni ezine-AS, noma kunjalo, njengoba kunamazinga anele okuqonda (ubuhlakani bungaphakathi kwamanani aphakathi), ngokujwayelekile bafuna ukusungula ubudlelwano nabanye. Bayakwazi ukwazi ukuthi omunye umuntu ucabangani, kepha kunzima kakhulu ukuthi basebenzise lolo lwazi, ngoba abaluniki ukubaluleka kwalo emkhakheni wobudlelwano nabanye. Lobu bunzima bezenhlalo buvame ukubhekana nemizwa yokungakhululeki nesizungu. Akukho ukwenqatshwa kwabanye, kepha ubunzima ebudlelwaneni nabo.
Ukuguqulwa Kwemisebenzi Ephetheyo:
Ama-Executive Functions aphethe ukulawula imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi yengqondo okudingekayo ukuhlela, ukuhlela, ukuqondisa, ukulawula nokuhlola indlela yokuziphatha okufanele siyenze ukufeza izinhloso. Le misebenzi ixhunyaniswe ne-lobe yangaphambili. Ukuguqulwa kulesi sifunda esiyinhloko sobuchopho kuchaza ezinye zezici ezivamile kubantu abane-AS: ukuqina kwengqondo, ubunzima ekubhekaneni nezimo ezintsha, izintshisekelo ezinomkhawulo, ubuntu obukhathazayo nokuphazamiseka kokubheka.
Ukuphazanyiswa kokushintshashintsha kwezinzwa:
Lokhu kungahanjiswa kahle kukhiqizwa ngokuguqulwa kwemizwa ohlelweni lokucubungula amandla. Lobu bunzima bungakhonjiswa njengokuzwela ngokweqile noma amandla aphansi okuphendula noma ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezisuka ezinzwa noma njengokuzwela ngokweqile kuzisusa zezinzwa. Ukuphazanyiswa kokushintshashintsha kwemizwa kuchaza izici esivame ukuzibona kubantu abane-AS, njenge: ukungakhululeki lapho kubhekene nemisindo yansuku zonke noma ukugwema izindawo lapho imisindo ixubene khona (izitolo ezinkulu, izindawo zokuzijabulisa ...), ukugwema ukuthintwa kungalindelekile, ukugwema kakhulu ukudla okuthile (ngenxa yokuthungwa noma ukunambitheka), njll.
Ukuvela kwezimpawu zokudangala noma zokukhathazeka kuyinto ejwayelekile kubantu abane-AS, ukubakhona kuma-37% wabasha nabantu abadala (UGhaziuddin et al, 1998). Izici eziholela ekutheni laba bantu bahlupheke ngenxa yezimpawu zengqondo ezi-comorbid ezinjengokukhathazeka noma ukudangala azikaqondakali ngokugcwele. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lubukeka luthola ubudlelwano phakathi kwalezi zimpawu nezinqubo zokuqhathanisa komphakathi (UHedley et al, 2006). Kusukela ku-Asperger's Syndrome Isifiso sokusebenzisana nabanye siyalondolozwa, kepha sixhunyaniswe nobunzima obukhulu emakhonweni omphakathiSithola abantu ababaziyo ubunzima babo bezenhlalo futhi uma beqhathanisa ikhwalithi yobudlelwano babo nabanye, babona imiphumela emibi etholakele kulokhu kuqhathanisa ngendlela engeyinhle nethandekayo ngokuphelele.
Ukwazi okwengeziwe ngezimpawu ze-Asperger's Syndrome kusisiza ukuba siqonde laba bantu. Ukuziqonda ngukusenza sazi ukuthi ukulinganiselwa komphakathi kuvela okungenza ukukhuluma kwabo kwehluke kepha hhayi ngenxa yalesi sizathu kuyeke ukuceba, okugcwele incazelo ngisho nokuzizwa. Izindlela zokuveza imizwa zihlukile kumuntu ngamunye, futhi nakubo. Nika ukubonakala kokuhlukahluka Kuyinhloso ukuthi umphakathi wekhulu lama-XNUMX leminyaka uzibeke phambili.